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    • Sociology Optional UPSC Solved PYQs
    • Sociology Optional 2024 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2024 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2023 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2023 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2022 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2022 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2021 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2021 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2020 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2020 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2019 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2019 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2018 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2018 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2017 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2017 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2016 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2016 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2015 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2015 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2014 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2014 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology Optional 2013 Solved PYQs Paper 1
    • Sociology Optional 2013 Solved PYQs Paper 2
    • Sociology PYQs
    • Topic 1. Sociology Fundamentals
    • Topic 2. Sociological Thinkers
    • Topic 3. Introducing Indian Society
    • Topic 4. Social Stratification
    • Topic 5. Sociology of Religion
    • Topic 6. Political Sociology
    • Topic 7. Kinship
    • Topic 8. Rural sociology
    • Topic 9. Industrial and Urban Sociology
    • Topic 10. Demographic Sociology
    • Topic 11. Social Change
    • A. Unit 1. Sociology - The Discipline
    • B. Unit 2. Sociology as Science
    • C. Unit 3. Research Methods and Analysis
    • Unit 4. Thinkers
    • A. Unit 11. Perspectives on the Study of Indian Society
    • B. Unit 12. Impact of colonial rule on Indian society
    • A. Unit 5. Stratification and Mobility
    • B. Unit 14. Caste System
    • C. Unit 15. Tribal Communities in India
    • D. Unit 16. Social Classes in India
    • Unit 8 and 18. Sociology of Religion
    • Unit 7 and 22. Political Sociology
    • Unit 9 and 17. Kinship
    • A. Unit 13. Rural and Agrarian Social Structure
    • B. Unit 20. Rural and Agrarian Transformation in India
    • A. Unit 6. Works and Economic Life
    • B. Unit 21. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India
    • Unit 24. Demographic Sociology
    • A. Unit 10. Social Change in Modern Society
    • B. Unit 19. Visions of Social Change in India
    • C. Unit 23. Social Movements in Modern India
    • D. Unit 25. Social Changes in India: Challenges of Social Transformation
    • Write short note: Modernisation.
    • Enlightenment and Renaissance
    • French revolution and Industrial revolution
    • Scope of the subject
    • Comparison with other Social Sciences
    • Sociology and Common Sense
    • Science, scientific method, and critique
    • Science
    • Scientific method
    • Major theoretical strands of research methodology
    • Research
    • Positivism and its critique
    • Non-positivist methodologies
    • Fact value and objectivity
    • Value
    • "Mindless addiction to Form, ignoring the Substance of the matter, results in rendering of injustice. A perceptive civil servant is one who ignores such literalness and carries out true intent." Examine the above statement with suitable illustrations.
    • Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
    • Techniques of Data Collection
    • Different Techniques
    • Variables
    • Sampling
    • Hypothesis
    • Reliability and Validity
    • Karl Marx– Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle
    • Historical materialism
    • Mode of production
    • Alienation
    • Class struggle
    • Emile Durkheim– Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society
    • Division of labour
    • Social fact
    • Suicide
    • Religion
      • Examine the role of religion in Indian Electoral Politics in the contemporary times.
      • Religion is still an important factor in Indian politics. Discuss.
      • Comment: Politics of terrorism in India
      • Discuss how far the politics of regionalism and communalism have affected nation-building in India.
      • Comment: Jinnah’s two-nation theory.
      • Analyse the problems of nation building in India.
      • Comment: Politics of terrorism.
      • Comment: Cultural secularisation
    • Emile Durkheim–religion
    • Comparison: Durkheim vs Waber’s Religion
    • Society
    • Max Weber– Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
    • Max Waber: Social action
    • Max Waber: Ideal Types
    • Max Waber: Authority
    • Max Waber: Bureaucracy
    • Max Waber: Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism
    • Comparison: Durkheim vs Waber’s Religion
    • Talcolt Parsons– Social system, pattern variables
    • Social system
    • Pattern Variables
    • Robert K. Merton– Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups
    • Latent and manifest functions
    • Conformity and deviance
    • Anomie
    • Reference groups
    • Mead – Self and identity
    • Hindu society
    • Impact of different cultures on Indian society
    • Indology (G.S. Ghure)
    • Structural functionalism (M. N. Srinivas)
    • Marxist sociology (A. R. Desai)
    • Yogendra Singh
    • Social background of Indian nationalism
    • Modernization of Indian tradition
    • Protests and movements during the colonial period, social reforms
    • Concepts
    • Equality, Inequality, Hierarchy
    • Exclusion, Poverty, Deprivation
    • Theories of social stratification
    • Structural Functionalist Theory
    • Marxist Theory
    • Weberian Theory
    • Marx and Weber
    • Dimensions
    • Social Stratification of Class
    • Status Groups
    • Gender
    • Ethnicity and Race
    • Social mobility
    • Open and Closed Systems
    • Types of Mobility
    • Sources and causes of mobility
    • Perspectives on the study of caste systems
    • G. S. Ghurye
    • M. N. Srinivas
    • Sanskritization
    • Louis Dumont
    • Andre Beteille
    • Features of caste system
    • Structural and cultural perspective
    • Caste and class
    • Caste mobility
    • Change in caste structure
    • Dalit Castes
    • Caste and Polity
    • Caste Conflict
    • Untouchability – forms and perspectives
    • Misc.
      • Food Web.
      • Ozone layer and its importance.
      • Ozone layer depletion.
      • What are the possible consequences of ozone layer depletion?
      • What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • What is ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • Describe the carbon cycle and discuss its peculiarities. How do human activities interfere with the carbon cycle?
      • The ozone layer and its impact.
      • Global warming, its causes, and effects.
      • Suitable examples describe the biotic factors that influence intra- and interspecific relations.
      • Draw a flow diagram of the nitrogen cycle and give accounts of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
      • Give the mechanism of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons.
      • Draw diagrams to differentiate between ecological pyramids based on predator-prey relationship and energy flow in an ecological niche.
      • Write note on ecological pyramids with suitable examples.
      • Ecological niche.
      • What is Integrated Pest Management? Describe the different strategies of integrated pest management employed in agriculture.
      • Define ecosystem. Discuss the structure and functions of ecosystem.
      • Discuss environmental degradation with regards to inland water resources. Suggest measures to restore the water quality of our rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
      • Elaborate the term 'Ecosystem' and explain its structural components with examples. Comment on Trophic Dynamics concept.
      • What is Ganga action plan? Explain.
      • Give an account of causes and consequences of pollution of aquatic resources and the problem of cultural eutrophication. Suggest measures for the abatement of water degradation.
      • Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.
      • Define ecosystem. Discuss the dynamic of the ecosystem and the factors influencing it.
      • Explicate the 'Nitrogen Cycle' and comment on its importance in the ecosystem?
      • Aquatic ecosystem
      • Trophic levels.
      • Trophic levels.
      • What is meant by the population? Describe various characteristics of a population. Discuss the phenomenon of stabilization of populations.
      • “A population is a self-regulating system.” (Wynne Edwards). Explain.
      • What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.
      • What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.
      • “A population is a self-regulating system.” Justify.
      • What is population growth? Delineate different factors affecting population growth. Distinguish between “J” shaped and “S” shaped growth curve with examples.
      • Differentiate between population dispersal and population dispersion.
      • Define population. Explain the characteristics of a population.
      • Describe various means which result in change in gene frequencies in a population.
      • Distinguish between founder effect and bottleneck effect. How do these forces affect gene frequency of a large population?
      • Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.
      • What are various biological resources? Discuss in detail the efforts made and present status of conservation of biological resources in India.
      • Write an account of the mission "Project Tiger" and mention the conservation strategies.
      • What is Project Tiger? Discuss the various threats and conservation strategies to protect tigers in India.
      • What are Euphenics? Explain its use for the improvement of human welfare.
      • Distinguish between in situ and ex situ conservation of animals. Provide suitable examples.
      • Discuss the role of molecular taxonomy in coding of biodiversity.
      • What is taxonomic hierarchy? Explain biodiversity on the basis of molecular taxonomy using suitable examples.
      • Red Data Book.
      • What is ‘Ganga action plan’? Explain.
      • What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • Discuss briefly the degradation of terrestrial ecosystems by human activities.
      • Ozone layer, its destruction, and effects.
      • Describe the rapidly acting synaptic transmitters with suitable examples.
      • Define ‘insight’. Explain this behavior using the example of Chimpanzees.
      • How do animals navigate in the dark? Use owl and chiropterans as examples and highlight the features of their navigational sensory equipment.
      • How do animals perceive mechanical and olfactory stimuli from the environment? Explain.
      • Explain Aggressive and Territorial behaviour in animals, with suitable examples.
      • Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.
      • Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.
      • With suitable example describe the neuro-endocrine control of behaviors.
      • Indian major carps and Exotic carps
      • What are the different criteria for the selection of candidate species for aquaculture?
      • Through a labelled diagram, show the stages of the life-history of Bombyx mori.
      • Beneficial insects.
      • Induced breeding.
      • Induced breeding for major carps.
      • Culture of freshwater prawns.
      • Elaborate on the structural organization of compound eye in prawn.
      • What are the major carps of India? Describe the polyculture methods of rearing the major carps.
      • Amniocentesis
      • Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusilla. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.
      • Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusiella. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.
      • Describe the life history and pathogenicity of Pyrilla perpusilla. Note on its preventive measures.
      • Write scientific names of any three pests of stored grains and describe the nature of damage and management of Sitophilus oryzae.
      • Account for the damage caused by two major insect pests for each of the paddy and stored cereals, with a note on the bionomics and control measures of the pests.
      • Mean and Mode
      • Natality and Mortality
      • Lotka-Volterra model
      • Give an account of “Analysis of variance” and mention its significance.
      • Describe the principle and application of ANOVA.
      • Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance.
      • Standard deviation, standard error, and methods of sampling.
      • Explain the arithmetic mean. Calculate arithmetic mean of classified data with an example.
      • Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance.
      • Describe the principle, working mechanism and applications of Geiger Muller counter.
      • Describe the principle, working and applications of Scintillation counter.
      • Insect vision.
      • Describe the principle and working of a Geiger-Muller counter and its use in Biology.
      • Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.
      • Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.
      • Describe the principle, structure and function of Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
      • Describe the principle, structure, and function of the Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
      • Explain the principle, working, and applications of the Geiger-Muller counter.
      • While using a compound microscope, how will you know how much you are magnifying an object? Through a distance under low and high powers. (150 words)
      • Describe the principle and working of a flame photometer.
      • Illustrate the organisation of electron transport particles on the inner mitochondrial membrane and explain their role in ATP synthesis.
      • Describe in detail about the respiratory chain or electron transport during oxidative phosphorylation in Mitochondria.
      • Explain with the help of diagrams, how the transport of electrons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain in mitochondria leads to the formation of a proton gradient and ATP synthesis.
      • Give schematic representation of electron transport chain. Describe the energy coupling mechanism in oxidative phosphorylation using chemiosmotic model.
      • Difference between male heterogamety and female heterogamety with examples.
      • Explain how the biological energy transformations obey the laws of thermodynamics.
      • What is Hox gene? Give the properties of Hox Gene and its cluster. What role do they play in humans?
      • What is DNA fingerprinting? Explain the principles and applications of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Describe the principle, procedure and applications of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Explain the following: (i) Principle of DNA fingerprinting
      • Explain the following: (ii) Michaelis-Menten kinetic pattern of an enzymatic reaction
      • What do you mean by a genetic clone? Describe a protocol of cloning of a recombinant DNA.
      • Explain the use of minisatellite DNA in the process of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Intraspecific relations.
      • Enumerate the selection pressures that led to bipedal locomotion in hominids.
      • Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.
      • Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.
      • Fossil reptiles and their evolutionary significance.
      • Write an essay on the fossil records of amphibians to explain their origin and evolution.
      • Eohippus and Parahippus.
      • Dating of fossils.
      • Identify the five important evolutionary changes that led to the evolution of modern Homo sapiens from the ancestral stock during various Geological eras and epochs.
      • What are fossils? Describe the process of fossil formation and give two methods of determining the age of fossils.
      • Write an account of the methods of determination of the age of fossils.
      • How are fossils formed? Describe the methods of dating of fossils.
      • Affinities of Balanoglossus.
      • Describe the traditional methods of classification of animals.
      • Discuss the laws of thermodynamics and their applications in biological systems.
      • Describe the use of molecular techniques in animal taxonomy.
      • Describe different types of vectors.
      • What is ICZN? Explain the principle, scope, and limitations in the presentday scenario of nomenclature.
      • What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.
      • What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.
      • Species and Subspecies.
      • Genera and Species.
      • Binomial system of classification.
      • Methods of zoological classification.
      • Chemotaxonomy and cytotaxonomy.
      • Chemotaxonomy.
      • Affinities and systematic position of Balanoglossus.
      • Write the systematic position of an oilseed pest. Give an account of its life cycle and the damage caused by this pest. Write a note on its control measures.
      • Describe the mechanism of synthesis of protein and steroid hormones. How do they affect cellular activity.
      • What are gap junction proteins? Discuss the roles of connexins in cellular interaction.
      • Peroxysome and Glyoxysome.
      • Neurohormones and Neurohumors.
      • ACTH.
      • Draw welllabelled diagrams of transverse sections of mammalian testis and ovary. Describe the functions of male and female sex hormones (Testosterone and Estrogen).
      • Compare the functions of prostaglandins and histamine. Give reasons for their being considered as hormones.
      • Describe the functional anatomy of neuroendocrine interrelationship in mammalian hypophysis. Name hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones in the tabular form showing their functional relationship. With the help of the diagram only, explain feedback mechanism in the HPG axis.
      • Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.
      • Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.
      • Explain the neuroendocrine regulation of insect metamorphosis with suitable illustrations. Comment on the role of JH (Juvenile Hormone) in insect metamorphosis.
      • Define Apoptosis. Explain its mechanism with suitable example.
      • Give an account of chemical nature and function of Neurohypophyseal hormones in mammals.
      • Illustrate the structure of a dipeptide and mention the characteristics of the peptide bond.
      • What is thermoregulation? How do homeothermic animals sustain by maintaining their body temperature in harsh climatic condition?
      • With the help of a welllabelled diagram (ventral aspect), describe the heart of rabbit showing major blood vessels. Add a note on the mechanism of circulation through the heart.
      • What controls heartbeat, and the rate at which blood flows through the circulatory system?
      • How does the structure of antibody give its specificity of functions? Add a note on the causes of allergic reaction.
      • Mention the different steps in the metabolism of iron. What are the functions that require iron? Add a note on the regulatory mechanism that ensure stable titers of iron in the body.
      • Explain ABO blood groups with its genetic basis and significance in blood transfusion.
      • Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.
      • Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.
      • Give a comprehensive account of gaseous transport in blood.
      • Genetic basis of ABO blood group system.
      • Describe the role of Calcitonin, Parathormone and Vitamin D3, in calcium metabolism.
      • Explain the extrinsic pathway for initiation of blood clotting.
      • Describe the genetics of ABO human blood groups. Can a man of blood group B be the father of the child of a woman of blood group A? The blood group of the child is O. Explain the genotypes.
      • Give a diagrammatic representation of citric acid cycle and discuss its role in metabolism.
      • Define thermoregulation. How do homeotherms regulate body temperature in hot and cold climates?
      • (i) Explain ATP utilizing reactions of glycolytic pathway.
      • (ii) Write NADH and FADH, producing reactions of Krebs cycle.
      • ABO system of blood groups and its basis, and erythroblastosis foetalis.
      • Chloride shift
      • What are erythroid cells? Explain the RBC lineage in balancing haemoglobin manufacture.
      • Draw a welllabelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion.
      • Henley's loop.
      • On your answerbook, write down the name of each of the ganglia marked (i) to (vii) in the diagram below on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic sympathetic Nervous system; Nervous System. How do they regulate the visceral and reflex functions of the body?
      • Discuss the mechanism involved in the survival of estuarine animals in varying salinities.
      • Explain the role of ADH and juxtaglomerular complex in the regulation of kidney function.
      • Illustrate the countercurrent mechanism by vasa recta and mention its physiological importance.
      • Explain the counter current mechanism operating at vasa recta and its role in urine formation.
      • With suitable examples, compare the chemical structure and functions of acetylcholine (in adrenergic neuron) and serotonin / 5hydroxytryptamine / γamino butyric acid (in peptidergic neurons).
      • What do you understand by osmoregulation? Describe the phenomenon and physiology of urine formation.
      • What is hypothalamopituitary axis? Draw a welllabelled diagram of pituitary gland and describe the functions of its hormones.
      • Capacitation and Acrosome reaction.
      • Organogenesis in the frog embryo.
      • Comparison of alimentary canal of frog and rabbit.
      • Draw well labelled diagrams only of male urinogenital system of Labeo and frog.
      • Describe the role of neuroendocrine factors and Sertoli cell secretions on spermatogenic functions of human seminiferous tubules.
      • Describe hyoid apparatus in Frog or Necturus.
      • What are the stages of the development of animals? How is it done?
      • Explain in detail about the events involved in the transformation of spermatid into sperm. Comment on why you consider these changes as essential.
      • Describe the process of metamorphosis in frogs and explain the role of thyroxin.
      • Illustrate the process of development during gastrulation in a chick embryo.
      • Describe with welllabelled diagram, the stages involved in Meiotic prophase.
      • What is primordial germ cell? With the help of suitable diagram, discuss the process of oogenesis.
      • Competence in embryology.
      • Regeneration and Neoplasia.
      • Regeneration.
      • Regeneration.
      • What is embryonic induction? Describe the mechanism of induction giving examples.
      • Describe the mechanism of embryonic induction giving examples.
      • Give a schematic representation of differentiation of sexual phenotypes during early embryonic development in mammals.
      • Explain the functions of mammalian integument.
      • Role of mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases.
      • Give an account of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and briefly discuss their pathogenicity.
      • Explain various measures implemented by the government to manage vehicular pollution in India.
      • List various population characteristics. Explain Jshaped and Sshaped growth forms with suitable examples.
      • Differentiate between inner and outer mitochondrial membrane.
      • Explain different steps in the activation of receptor protein tyrosine kinase with diagrams.
      • Give a brief account of evolution of man in Pleistocene period.
      • How does glucagon regulate the glycogen metabolism?
      • Using R groups properties, classify amino acids.
      • Describe the structure and functions of antibody isotypes with diagrams.
      • What is regeneration? Describe regenerative ability in hydra, planaria and urodele amphibians.
    • Definitional problems
    • Geographical spread
    • Colonial policies and tribes
    • Isolation approach
    • Assimination Approach/ Indological Approach
    • Issues of integration and autonomy
    • Tribal policy
    • Tribal unrest
    • Misc.
      • Food Web.
      • Ozone layer and its importance.
      • Ozone layer depletion.
      • What are the possible consequences of ozone layer depletion?
      • What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • What is ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • Describe the carbon cycle and discuss its peculiarities. How do human activities interfere with the carbon cycle?
      • The ozone layer and its impact.
      • Global warming, its causes, and effects.
      • Suitable examples describe the biotic factors that influence intra- and interspecific relations.
      • Draw a flow diagram of the nitrogen cycle and give accounts of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
      • Give the mechanism of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons.
      • Draw diagrams to differentiate between ecological pyramids based on predator-prey relationship and energy flow in an ecological niche.
      • Write note on ecological pyramids with suitable examples.
      • Ecological niche.
      • What is Integrated Pest Management? Describe the different strategies of integrated pest management employed in agriculture.
      • Define ecosystem. Discuss the structure and functions of ecosystem.
      • Discuss environmental degradation with regards to inland water resources. Suggest measures to restore the water quality of our rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
      • Elaborate the term 'Ecosystem' and explain its structural components with examples. Comment on Trophic Dynamics concept.
      • What is Ganga action plan? Explain.
      • Give an account of causes and consequences of pollution of aquatic resources and the problem of cultural eutrophication. Suggest measures for the abatement of water degradation.
      • Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.
      • Define ecosystem. Discuss the dynamic of the ecosystem and the factors influencing it.
      • Explicate the 'Nitrogen Cycle' and comment on its importance in the ecosystem?
      • Aquatic ecosystem
      • Trophic levels.
      • Trophic levels.
      • What is meant by the population? Describe various characteristics of a population. Discuss the phenomenon of stabilization of populations.
      • “A population is a self-regulating system.” (Wynne Edwards). Explain.
      • What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.
      • What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.
      • “A population is a self-regulating system.” Justify.
      • What is population growth? Delineate different factors affecting population growth. Distinguish between “J” shaped and “S” shaped growth curve with examples.
      • Differentiate between population dispersal and population dispersion.
      • Define population. Explain the characteristics of a population.
      • Describe various means which result in change in gene frequencies in a population.
      • Distinguish between founder effect and bottleneck effect. How do these forces affect gene frequency of a large population?
      • Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.
      • What are various biological resources? Discuss in detail the efforts made and present status of conservation of biological resources in India.
      • Write an account of the mission "Project Tiger" and mention the conservation strategies.
      • What is Project Tiger? Discuss the various threats and conservation strategies to protect tigers in India.
      • What are Euphenics? Explain its use for the improvement of human welfare.
      • Distinguish between in situ and ex situ conservation of animals. Provide suitable examples.
      • Discuss the role of molecular taxonomy in coding of biodiversity.
      • What is taxonomic hierarchy? Explain biodiversity on the basis of molecular taxonomy using suitable examples.
      • Red Data Book.
      • What is ‘Ganga action plan’? Explain.
      • What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • Discuss briefly the degradation of terrestrial ecosystems by human activities.
      • Ozone layer, its destruction, and effects.
      • Describe the rapidly acting synaptic transmitters with suitable examples.
      • Define ‘insight’. Explain this behavior using the example of Chimpanzees.
      • How do animals navigate in the dark? Use owl and chiropterans as examples and highlight the features of their navigational sensory equipment.
      • How do animals perceive mechanical and olfactory stimuli from the environment? Explain.
      • Explain Aggressive and Territorial behaviour in animals, with suitable examples.
      • Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.
      • Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.
      • With suitable example describe the neuro-endocrine control of behaviors.
      • Indian major carps and Exotic carps
      • What are the different criteria for the selection of candidate species for aquaculture?
      • Through a labelled diagram, show the stages of the life-history of Bombyx mori.
      • Beneficial insects.
      • Induced breeding.
      • Induced breeding for major carps.
      • Culture of freshwater prawns.
      • Elaborate on the structural organization of compound eye in prawn.
      • What are the major carps of India? Describe the polyculture methods of rearing the major carps.
      • Amniocentesis
      • Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusilla. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.
      • Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusiella. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.
      • Describe the life history and pathogenicity of Pyrilla perpusilla. Note on its preventive measures.
      • Write scientific names of any three pests of stored grains and describe the nature of damage and management of Sitophilus oryzae.
      • Account for the damage caused by two major insect pests for each of the paddy and stored cereals, with a note on the bionomics and control measures of the pests.
      • Mean and Mode
      • Natality and Mortality
      • Lotka-Volterra model
      • Give an account of “Analysis of variance” and mention its significance.
      • Describe the principle and application of ANOVA.
      • Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance.
      • Standard deviation, standard error, and methods of sampling.
      • Explain the arithmetic mean. Calculate arithmetic mean of classified data with an example.
      • Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance.
      • Describe the principle, working mechanism and applications of Geiger Muller counter.
      • Describe the principle, working and applications of Scintillation counter.
      • Insect vision.
      • Describe the principle and working of a Geiger-Muller counter and its use in Biology.
      • Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.
      • Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.
      • Describe the principle, structure and function of Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
      • Describe the principle, structure, and function of the Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
      • Explain the principle, working, and applications of the Geiger-Muller counter.
      • While using a compound microscope, how will you know how much you are magnifying an object? Through a distance under low and high powers. (150 words)
      • Describe the principle and working of a flame photometer.
      • Illustrate the organisation of electron transport particles on the inner mitochondrial membrane and explain their role in ATP synthesis.
      • Describe in detail about the respiratory chain or electron transport during oxidative phosphorylation in Mitochondria.
      • Explain with the help of diagrams, how the transport of electrons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain in mitochondria leads to the formation of a proton gradient and ATP synthesis.
      • Give schematic representation of electron transport chain. Describe the energy coupling mechanism in oxidative phosphorylation using chemiosmotic model.
      • Difference between male heterogamety and female heterogamety with examples.
      • Explain how the biological energy transformations obey the laws of thermodynamics.
      • What is Hox gene? Give the properties of Hox Gene and its cluster. What role do they play in humans?
      • What is DNA fingerprinting? Explain the principles and applications of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Describe the principle, procedure and applications of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Explain the following: (i) Principle of DNA fingerprinting
      • Explain the following: (ii) Michaelis-Menten kinetic pattern of an enzymatic reaction
      • What do you mean by a genetic clone? Describe a protocol of cloning of a recombinant DNA.
      • Explain the use of minisatellite DNA in the process of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Intraspecific relations.
      • Enumerate the selection pressures that led to bipedal locomotion in hominids.
      • Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.
      • Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.
      • Fossil reptiles and their evolutionary significance.
      • Write an essay on the fossil records of amphibians to explain their origin and evolution.
      • Eohippus and Parahippus.
      • Dating of fossils.
      • Identify the five important evolutionary changes that led to the evolution of modern Homo sapiens from the ancestral stock during various Geological eras and epochs.
      • What are fossils? Describe the process of fossil formation and give two methods of determining the age of fossils.
      • Write an account of the methods of determination of the age of fossils.
      • How are fossils formed? Describe the methods of dating of fossils.
      • Affinities of Balanoglossus.
      • Describe the traditional methods of classification of animals.
      • Discuss the laws of thermodynamics and their applications in biological systems.
      • Describe the use of molecular techniques in animal taxonomy.
      • Describe different types of vectors.
      • What is ICZN? Explain the principle, scope, and limitations in the presentday scenario of nomenclature.
      • What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.
      • What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.
      • Species and Subspecies.
      • Genera and Species.
      • Binomial system of classification.
      • Methods of zoological classification.
      • Chemotaxonomy and cytotaxonomy.
      • Chemotaxonomy.
      • Affinities and systematic position of Balanoglossus.
      • Write the systematic position of an oilseed pest. Give an account of its life cycle and the damage caused by this pest. Write a note on its control measures.
      • Describe the mechanism of synthesis of protein and steroid hormones. How do they affect cellular activity.
      • What are gap junction proteins? Discuss the roles of connexins in cellular interaction.
      • Peroxysome and Glyoxysome.
      • Neurohormones and Neurohumors.
      • ACTH.
      • Draw welllabelled diagrams of transverse sections of mammalian testis and ovary. Describe the functions of male and female sex hormones (Testosterone and Estrogen).
      • Compare the functions of prostaglandins and histamine. Give reasons for their being considered as hormones.
      • Describe the functional anatomy of neuroendocrine interrelationship in mammalian hypophysis. Name hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones in the tabular form showing their functional relationship. With the help of the diagram only, explain feedback mechanism in the HPG axis.
      • Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.
      • Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.
      • Explain the neuroendocrine regulation of insect metamorphosis with suitable illustrations. Comment on the role of JH (Juvenile Hormone) in insect metamorphosis.
      • Define Apoptosis. Explain its mechanism with suitable example.
      • Give an account of chemical nature and function of Neurohypophyseal hormones in mammals.
      • Illustrate the structure of a dipeptide and mention the characteristics of the peptide bond.
      • What is thermoregulation? How do homeothermic animals sustain by maintaining their body temperature in harsh climatic condition?
      • With the help of a welllabelled diagram (ventral aspect), describe the heart of rabbit showing major blood vessels. Add a note on the mechanism of circulation through the heart.
      • What controls heartbeat, and the rate at which blood flows through the circulatory system?
      • How does the structure of antibody give its specificity of functions? Add a note on the causes of allergic reaction.
      • Mention the different steps in the metabolism of iron. What are the functions that require iron? Add a note on the regulatory mechanism that ensure stable titers of iron in the body.
      • Explain ABO blood groups with its genetic basis and significance in blood transfusion.
      • Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.
      • Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.
      • Give a comprehensive account of gaseous transport in blood.
      • Genetic basis of ABO blood group system.
      • Describe the role of Calcitonin, Parathormone and Vitamin D3, in calcium metabolism.
      • Explain the extrinsic pathway for initiation of blood clotting.
      • Describe the genetics of ABO human blood groups. Can a man of blood group B be the father of the child of a woman of blood group A? The blood group of the child is O. Explain the genotypes.
      • Give a diagrammatic representation of citric acid cycle and discuss its role in metabolism.
      • Define thermoregulation. How do homeotherms regulate body temperature in hot and cold climates?
      • (i) Explain ATP utilizing reactions of glycolytic pathway.
      • (ii) Write NADH and FADH, producing reactions of Krebs cycle.
      • ABO system of blood groups and its basis, and erythroblastosis foetalis.
      • Chloride shift
      • What are erythroid cells? Explain the RBC lineage in balancing haemoglobin manufacture.
      • Draw a welllabelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion.
      • Henley's loop.
      • On your answerbook, write down the name of each of the ganglia marked (i) to (vii) in the diagram below on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic sympathetic Nervous system; Nervous System. How do they regulate the visceral and reflex functions of the body?
      • Discuss the mechanism involved in the survival of estuarine animals in varying salinities.
      • Explain the role of ADH and juxtaglomerular complex in the regulation of kidney function.
      • Illustrate the countercurrent mechanism by vasa recta and mention its physiological importance.
      • Explain the counter current mechanism operating at vasa recta and its role in urine formation.
      • With suitable examples, compare the chemical structure and functions of acetylcholine (in adrenergic neuron) and serotonin / 5hydroxytryptamine / γamino butyric acid (in peptidergic neurons).
      • What do you understand by osmoregulation? Describe the phenomenon and physiology of urine formation.
      • What is hypothalamopituitary axis? Draw a welllabelled diagram of pituitary gland and describe the functions of its hormones.
      • Capacitation and Acrosome reaction.
      • Organogenesis in the frog embryo.
      • Comparison of alimentary canal of frog and rabbit.
      • Draw well labelled diagrams only of male urinogenital system of Labeo and frog.
      • Describe the role of neuroendocrine factors and Sertoli cell secretions on spermatogenic functions of human seminiferous tubules.
      • Describe hyoid apparatus in Frog or Necturus.
      • What are the stages of the development of animals? How is it done?
      • Explain in detail about the events involved in the transformation of spermatid into sperm. Comment on why you consider these changes as essential.
      • Describe the process of metamorphosis in frogs and explain the role of thyroxin.
      • Illustrate the process of development during gastrulation in a chick embryo.
      • Describe with welllabelled diagram, the stages involved in Meiotic prophase.
      • What is primordial germ cell? With the help of suitable diagram, discuss the process of oogenesis.
      • Competence in embryology.
      • Regeneration and Neoplasia.
      • Regeneration.
      • Regeneration.
      • What is embryonic induction? Describe the mechanism of induction giving examples.
      • Describe the mechanism of embryonic induction giving examples.
      • Give a schematic representation of differentiation of sexual phenotypes during early embryonic development in mammals.
      • Explain the functions of mammalian integument.
      • Role of mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases.
      • Give an account of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and briefly discuss their pathogenicity.
      • Explain various measures implemented by the government to manage vehicular pollution in India.
      • List various population characteristics. Explain Jshaped and Sshaped growth forms with suitable examples.
      • Differentiate between inner and outer mitochondrial membrane.
      • Explain different steps in the activation of receptor protein tyrosine kinase with diagrams.
      • Give a brief account of evolution of man in Pleistocene period.
      • How does glucagon regulate the glycogen metabolism?
      • Using R groups properties, classify amino acids.
      • Describe the structure and functions of antibody isotypes with diagrams.
      • What is regeneration? Describe regenerative ability in hydra, planaria and urodele amphibians.
    • Class System
    • Agrarian Class Structure
    • Industrial Class Structure
    • Middle Classes in India
    • Religion
      • Examine the role of religion in Indian Electoral Politics in the contemporary times.
      • Religion is still an important factor in Indian politics. Discuss.
      • Comment: Politics of terrorism in India
      • Discuss how far the politics of regionalism and communalism have affected nation-building in India.
      • Comment: Jinnah’s two-nation theory.
      • Analyse the problems of nation building in India.
      • Comment: Politics of terrorism.
      • Comment: Cultural secularisation
    • Sociological theories of religion
    • Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
    • Animism, monism
    • Sects, cults
    • Pluralism
    • Religion in modern society
    • New Religious Movements
    • Religion and science
    • Secularization
    • Religious revivalism
    • Fundamentalism
    • Secularism
    • Religious communities in India
    • Religious minorities
    • Communalism
    • Role of Religion
    • Sociological theories of power
    • Power elite, social and political elite
    • Pareto and Mills
    • Origin of elites
    • Power
    • Authority
    • Max Waber: Bureaucracy
    • Democracy
      • How does democratic politics construct citizenship?
      • How has the electoral democracy augmented the participation of people in the democratic process?
      • The modernization thesis asserts that affluence breeds stable democracy. How do you explain the success of India being the world's largest democracy as an exceptional case?
      • Is democracy promotion in developing countries a feasible idea?
      • ‘The struggle for democracy has been marked by bitter strife and tribulations.’ Examine the statement, illustrating the cases of Pakistan, Nepal and Myanmar.
    • Pressure Groups
      • Critically assess the role of pressure groups in the decision-making process of the government.
      • Explain how pressure groups have been influencing public policy-making with suitable illustrations.
      • Comment: Trade unions as pressure group in Indian politics.
      • In what ways do pressure groups and movements exert influence in politics? In the Indian political context, discuss the implications of such influence being exerted.
      • Identify the major pressure-groups in Indian Politics and examine their role in it.
      • Differentiate a political party from a pressure group. Explain the role of R.S.S. and Bajrang Dal-units of Sangh-Parivar as pressure-groups in the Indian political system.
      • "Political parties and pressure groups are sine qua non of democracy." Comment.
      • Do interest groups help to promote democracy or to undermine it? Give your opinion.
      • What is the difference between Interest Groups and Pressure Groups? Are the Pressure Groups in India in a position to fully protect or promote the interests of their members?
      • Evaluate the nature and distinction of anomic and associational interest groups in the pressure politics of developing countries (200 words)
      • How does functioning of interest groups differ from political parties? Discuss with appropriate examples.
    • Political Parties and Political Partnership
    • Regionalism
    • Nation and State
    • Citizenship
    • Civil Society
    • Ideology
    • Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution
    • Decentralization of Power
    • Misc.
      • Food Web.
      • Ozone layer and its importance.
      • Ozone layer depletion.
      • What are the possible consequences of ozone layer depletion?
      • What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • What is ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • Describe the carbon cycle and discuss its peculiarities. How do human activities interfere with the carbon cycle?
      • The ozone layer and its impact.
      • Global warming, its causes, and effects.
      • Suitable examples describe the biotic factors that influence intra- and interspecific relations.
      • Draw a flow diagram of the nitrogen cycle and give accounts of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
      • Give the mechanism of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons.
      • Draw diagrams to differentiate between ecological pyramids based on predator-prey relationship and energy flow in an ecological niche.
      • Write note on ecological pyramids with suitable examples.
      • Ecological niche.
      • What is Integrated Pest Management? Describe the different strategies of integrated pest management employed in agriculture.
      • Define ecosystem. Discuss the structure and functions of ecosystem.
      • Discuss environmental degradation with regards to inland water resources. Suggest measures to restore the water quality of our rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
      • Elaborate the term 'Ecosystem' and explain its structural components with examples. Comment on Trophic Dynamics concept.
      • What is Ganga action plan? Explain.
      • Give an account of causes and consequences of pollution of aquatic resources and the problem of cultural eutrophication. Suggest measures for the abatement of water degradation.
      • Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.
      • Define ecosystem. Discuss the dynamic of the ecosystem and the factors influencing it.
      • Explicate the 'Nitrogen Cycle' and comment on its importance in the ecosystem?
      • Aquatic ecosystem
      • Trophic levels.
      • Trophic levels.
      • What is meant by the population? Describe various characteristics of a population. Discuss the phenomenon of stabilization of populations.
      • “A population is a self-regulating system.” (Wynne Edwards). Explain.
      • What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.
      • What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.
      • “A population is a self-regulating system.” Justify.
      • What is population growth? Delineate different factors affecting population growth. Distinguish between “J” shaped and “S” shaped growth curve with examples.
      • Differentiate between population dispersal and population dispersion.
      • Define population. Explain the characteristics of a population.
      • Describe various means which result in change in gene frequencies in a population.
      • Distinguish between founder effect and bottleneck effect. How do these forces affect gene frequency of a large population?
      • Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.
      • What are various biological resources? Discuss in detail the efforts made and present status of conservation of biological resources in India.
      • Write an account of the mission "Project Tiger" and mention the conservation strategies.
      • What is Project Tiger? Discuss the various threats and conservation strategies to protect tigers in India.
      • What are Euphenics? Explain its use for the improvement of human welfare.
      • Distinguish between in situ and ex situ conservation of animals. Provide suitable examples.
      • Discuss the role of molecular taxonomy in coding of biodiversity.
      • What is taxonomic hierarchy? Explain biodiversity on the basis of molecular taxonomy using suitable examples.
      • Red Data Book.
      • What is ‘Ganga action plan’? Explain.
      • What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • Discuss briefly the degradation of terrestrial ecosystems by human activities.
      • Ozone layer, its destruction, and effects.
      • Describe the rapidly acting synaptic transmitters with suitable examples.
      • Define ‘insight’. Explain this behavior using the example of Chimpanzees.
      • How do animals navigate in the dark? Use owl and chiropterans as examples and highlight the features of their navigational sensory equipment.
      • How do animals perceive mechanical and olfactory stimuli from the environment? Explain.
      • Explain Aggressive and Territorial behaviour in animals, with suitable examples.
      • Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.
      • Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.
      • With suitable example describe the neuro-endocrine control of behaviors.
      • Indian major carps and Exotic carps
      • What are the different criteria for the selection of candidate species for aquaculture?
      • Through a labelled diagram, show the stages of the life-history of Bombyx mori.
      • Beneficial insects.
      • Induced breeding.
      • Induced breeding for major carps.
      • Culture of freshwater prawns.
      • Elaborate on the structural organization of compound eye in prawn.
      • What are the major carps of India? Describe the polyculture methods of rearing the major carps.
      • Amniocentesis
      • Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusilla. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.
      • Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusiella. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.
      • Describe the life history and pathogenicity of Pyrilla perpusilla. Note on its preventive measures.
      • Write scientific names of any three pests of stored grains and describe the nature of damage and management of Sitophilus oryzae.
      • Account for the damage caused by two major insect pests for each of the paddy and stored cereals, with a note on the bionomics and control measures of the pests.
      • Mean and Mode
      • Natality and Mortality
      • Lotka-Volterra model
      • Give an account of “Analysis of variance” and mention its significance.
      • Describe the principle and application of ANOVA.
      • Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance.
      • Standard deviation, standard error, and methods of sampling.
      • Explain the arithmetic mean. Calculate arithmetic mean of classified data with an example.
      • Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance.
      • Describe the principle, working mechanism and applications of Geiger Muller counter.
      • Describe the principle, working and applications of Scintillation counter.
      • Insect vision.
      • Describe the principle and working of a Geiger-Muller counter and its use in Biology.
      • Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.
      • Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.
      • Describe the principle, structure and function of Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
      • Describe the principle, structure, and function of the Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
      • Explain the principle, working, and applications of the Geiger-Muller counter.
      • While using a compound microscope, how will you know how much you are magnifying an object? Through a distance under low and high powers. (150 words)
      • Describe the principle and working of a flame photometer.
      • Illustrate the organisation of electron transport particles on the inner mitochondrial membrane and explain their role in ATP synthesis.
      • Describe in detail about the respiratory chain or electron transport during oxidative phosphorylation in Mitochondria.
      • Explain with the help of diagrams, how the transport of electrons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain in mitochondria leads to the formation of a proton gradient and ATP synthesis.
      • Give schematic representation of electron transport chain. Describe the energy coupling mechanism in oxidative phosphorylation using chemiosmotic model.
      • Difference between male heterogamety and female heterogamety with examples.
      • Explain how the biological energy transformations obey the laws of thermodynamics.
      • What is Hox gene? Give the properties of Hox Gene and its cluster. What role do they play in humans?
      • What is DNA fingerprinting? Explain the principles and applications of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Describe the principle, procedure and applications of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Explain the following: (i) Principle of DNA fingerprinting
      • Explain the following: (ii) Michaelis-Menten kinetic pattern of an enzymatic reaction
      • What do you mean by a genetic clone? Describe a protocol of cloning of a recombinant DNA.
      • Explain the use of minisatellite DNA in the process of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Intraspecific relations.
      • Enumerate the selection pressures that led to bipedal locomotion in hominids.
      • Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.
      • Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.
      • Fossil reptiles and their evolutionary significance.
      • Write an essay on the fossil records of amphibians to explain their origin and evolution.
      • Eohippus and Parahippus.
      • Dating of fossils.
      • Identify the five important evolutionary changes that led to the evolution of modern Homo sapiens from the ancestral stock during various Geological eras and epochs.
      • What are fossils? Describe the process of fossil formation and give two methods of determining the age of fossils.
      • Write an account of the methods of determination of the age of fossils.
      • How are fossils formed? Describe the methods of dating of fossils.
      • Affinities of Balanoglossus.
      • Describe the traditional methods of classification of animals.
      • Discuss the laws of thermodynamics and their applications in biological systems.
      • Describe the use of molecular techniques in animal taxonomy.
      • Describe different types of vectors.
      • What is ICZN? Explain the principle, scope, and limitations in the presentday scenario of nomenclature.
      • What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.
      • What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.
      • Species and Subspecies.
      • Genera and Species.
      • Binomial system of classification.
      • Methods of zoological classification.
      • Chemotaxonomy and cytotaxonomy.
      • Chemotaxonomy.
      • Affinities and systematic position of Balanoglossus.
      • Write the systematic position of an oilseed pest. Give an account of its life cycle and the damage caused by this pest. Write a note on its control measures.
      • Describe the mechanism of synthesis of protein and steroid hormones. How do they affect cellular activity.
      • What are gap junction proteins? Discuss the roles of connexins in cellular interaction.
      • Peroxysome and Glyoxysome.
      • Neurohormones and Neurohumors.
      • ACTH.
      • Draw welllabelled diagrams of transverse sections of mammalian testis and ovary. Describe the functions of male and female sex hormones (Testosterone and Estrogen).
      • Compare the functions of prostaglandins and histamine. Give reasons for their being considered as hormones.
      • Describe the functional anatomy of neuroendocrine interrelationship in mammalian hypophysis. Name hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones in the tabular form showing their functional relationship. With the help of the diagram only, explain feedback mechanism in the HPG axis.
      • Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.
      • Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.
      • Explain the neuroendocrine regulation of insect metamorphosis with suitable illustrations. Comment on the role of JH (Juvenile Hormone) in insect metamorphosis.
      • Define Apoptosis. Explain its mechanism with suitable example.
      • Give an account of chemical nature and function of Neurohypophyseal hormones in mammals.
      • Illustrate the structure of a dipeptide and mention the characteristics of the peptide bond.
      • What is thermoregulation? How do homeothermic animals sustain by maintaining their body temperature in harsh climatic condition?
      • With the help of a welllabelled diagram (ventral aspect), describe the heart of rabbit showing major blood vessels. Add a note on the mechanism of circulation through the heart.
      • What controls heartbeat, and the rate at which blood flows through the circulatory system?
      • How does the structure of antibody give its specificity of functions? Add a note on the causes of allergic reaction.
      • Mention the different steps in the metabolism of iron. What are the functions that require iron? Add a note on the regulatory mechanism that ensure stable titers of iron in the body.
      • Explain ABO blood groups with its genetic basis and significance in blood transfusion.
      • Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.
      • Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.
      • Give a comprehensive account of gaseous transport in blood.
      • Genetic basis of ABO blood group system.
      • Describe the role of Calcitonin, Parathormone and Vitamin D3, in calcium metabolism.
      • Explain the extrinsic pathway for initiation of blood clotting.
      • Describe the genetics of ABO human blood groups. Can a man of blood group B be the father of the child of a woman of blood group A? The blood group of the child is O. Explain the genotypes.
      • Give a diagrammatic representation of citric acid cycle and discuss its role in metabolism.
      • Define thermoregulation. How do homeotherms regulate body temperature in hot and cold climates?
      • (i) Explain ATP utilizing reactions of glycolytic pathway.
      • (ii) Write NADH and FADH, producing reactions of Krebs cycle.
      • ABO system of blood groups and its basis, and erythroblastosis foetalis.
      • Chloride shift
      • What are erythroid cells? Explain the RBC lineage in balancing haemoglobin manufacture.
      • Draw a welllabelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion.
      • Henley's loop.
      • On your answerbook, write down the name of each of the ganglia marked (i) to (vii) in the diagram below on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic sympathetic Nervous system; Nervous System. How do they regulate the visceral and reflex functions of the body?
      • Discuss the mechanism involved in the survival of estuarine animals in varying salinities.
      • Explain the role of ADH and juxtaglomerular complex in the regulation of kidney function.
      • Illustrate the countercurrent mechanism by vasa recta and mention its physiological importance.
      • Explain the counter current mechanism operating at vasa recta and its role in urine formation.
      • With suitable examples, compare the chemical structure and functions of acetylcholine (in adrenergic neuron) and serotonin / 5hydroxytryptamine / γamino butyric acid (in peptidergic neurons).
      • What do you understand by osmoregulation? Describe the phenomenon and physiology of urine formation.
      • What is hypothalamopituitary axis? Draw a welllabelled diagram of pituitary gland and describe the functions of its hormones.
      • Capacitation and Acrosome reaction.
      • Organogenesis in the frog embryo.
      • Comparison of alimentary canal of frog and rabbit.
      • Draw well labelled diagrams only of male urinogenital system of Labeo and frog.
      • Describe the role of neuroendocrine factors and Sertoli cell secretions on spermatogenic functions of human seminiferous tubules.
      • Describe hyoid apparatus in Frog or Necturus.
      • What are the stages of the development of animals? How is it done?
      • Explain in detail about the events involved in the transformation of spermatid into sperm. Comment on why you consider these changes as essential.
      • Describe the process of metamorphosis in frogs and explain the role of thyroxin.
      • Illustrate the process of development during gastrulation in a chick embryo.
      • Describe with welllabelled diagram, the stages involved in Meiotic prophase.
      • What is primordial germ cell? With the help of suitable diagram, discuss the process of oogenesis.
      • Competence in embryology.
      • Regeneration and Neoplasia.
      • Regeneration.
      • Regeneration.
      • What is embryonic induction? Describe the mechanism of induction giving examples.
      • Describe the mechanism of embryonic induction giving examples.
      • Give a schematic representation of differentiation of sexual phenotypes during early embryonic development in mammals.
      • Explain the functions of mammalian integument.
      • Role of mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases.
      • Give an account of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and briefly discuss their pathogenicity.
      • Explain various measures implemented by the government to manage vehicular pollution in India.
      • List various population characteristics. Explain Jshaped and Sshaped growth forms with suitable examples.
      • Differentiate between inner and outer mitochondrial membrane.
      • Explain different steps in the activation of receptor protein tyrosine kinase with diagrams.
      • Give a brief account of evolution of man in Pleistocene period.
      • How does glucagon regulate the glycogen metabolism?
      • Using R groups properties, classify amino acids.
      • Describe the structure and functions of antibody isotypes with diagrams.
      • What is regeneration? Describe regenerative ability in hydra, planaria and urodele amphibians.
    • Systems of Kinship
    • Types of kinship systems
    • Family
    • Nuclear and Joint family
    • Changing structure of family
    • Industrialization and family
    • Types and forms of family
    • Household, Household dimensions of the family
    • Marriage
    • Emerging trends in marriage
    • Lineage and descent
    • Entitlements
    • Patriarchy
    • Sexual division of labour
    • Misc. and Contemporary Issues
    • Generation gap
    • Socialization and social control
    • Role of culture
    • The Idea of Indian Village and Village Studies
    • Evolution of Land Tenure system
    • Land Reforms
    • Programmes of Rural Development
    • Community Development Programme
    • Cooperatives
    • Poverty Alleviation Schemes
    • Green Revolution and Social Change
    • Changing modes of production in Indian Agriculture
    • Problems of Rural Labour, Bondage and Migration
    • Economic Development in India
    • Social organization of work in different types of society
    • Slave Society
    • Feudal Society
    • Industrial / Capitalist Society
    • Formal and Informal Organization of Work
    • Labour and Society
    • Misc.
      • Food Web.
      • Ozone layer and its importance.
      • Ozone layer depletion.
      • What are the possible consequences of ozone layer depletion?
      • What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • What is ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • Describe the carbon cycle and discuss its peculiarities. How do human activities interfere with the carbon cycle?
      • The ozone layer and its impact.
      • Global warming, its causes, and effects.
      • Suitable examples describe the biotic factors that influence intra- and interspecific relations.
      • Draw a flow diagram of the nitrogen cycle and give accounts of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
      • Give the mechanism of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons.
      • Draw diagrams to differentiate between ecological pyramids based on predator-prey relationship and energy flow in an ecological niche.
      • Write note on ecological pyramids with suitable examples.
      • Ecological niche.
      • What is Integrated Pest Management? Describe the different strategies of integrated pest management employed in agriculture.
      • Define ecosystem. Discuss the structure and functions of ecosystem.
      • Discuss environmental degradation with regards to inland water resources. Suggest measures to restore the water quality of our rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
      • Elaborate the term 'Ecosystem' and explain its structural components with examples. Comment on Trophic Dynamics concept.
      • What is Ganga action plan? Explain.
      • Give an account of causes and consequences of pollution of aquatic resources and the problem of cultural eutrophication. Suggest measures for the abatement of water degradation.
      • Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.
      • Define ecosystem. Discuss the dynamic of the ecosystem and the factors influencing it.
      • Explicate the 'Nitrogen Cycle' and comment on its importance in the ecosystem?
      • Aquatic ecosystem
      • Trophic levels.
      • Trophic levels.
      • What is meant by the population? Describe various characteristics of a population. Discuss the phenomenon of stabilization of populations.
      • “A population is a self-regulating system.” (Wynne Edwards). Explain.
      • What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.
      • What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.
      • “A population is a self-regulating system.” Justify.
      • What is population growth? Delineate different factors affecting population growth. Distinguish between “J” shaped and “S” shaped growth curve with examples.
      • Differentiate between population dispersal and population dispersion.
      • Define population. Explain the characteristics of a population.
      • Describe various means which result in change in gene frequencies in a population.
      • Distinguish between founder effect and bottleneck effect. How do these forces affect gene frequency of a large population?
      • Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.
      • What are various biological resources? Discuss in detail the efforts made and present status of conservation of biological resources in India.
      • Write an account of the mission "Project Tiger" and mention the conservation strategies.
      • What is Project Tiger? Discuss the various threats and conservation strategies to protect tigers in India.
      • What are Euphenics? Explain its use for the improvement of human welfare.
      • Distinguish between in situ and ex situ conservation of animals. Provide suitable examples.
      • Discuss the role of molecular taxonomy in coding of biodiversity.
      • What is taxonomic hierarchy? Explain biodiversity on the basis of molecular taxonomy using suitable examples.
      • Red Data Book.
      • What is ‘Ganga action plan’? Explain.
      • What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • Discuss briefly the degradation of terrestrial ecosystems by human activities.
      • Ozone layer, its destruction, and effects.
      • Describe the rapidly acting synaptic transmitters with suitable examples.
      • Define ‘insight’. Explain this behavior using the example of Chimpanzees.
      • How do animals navigate in the dark? Use owl and chiropterans as examples and highlight the features of their navigational sensory equipment.
      • How do animals perceive mechanical and olfactory stimuli from the environment? Explain.
      • Explain Aggressive and Territorial behaviour in animals, with suitable examples.
      • Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.
      • Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.
      • With suitable example describe the neuro-endocrine control of behaviors.
      • Indian major carps and Exotic carps
      • What are the different criteria for the selection of candidate species for aquaculture?
      • Through a labelled diagram, show the stages of the life-history of Bombyx mori.
      • Beneficial insects.
      • Induced breeding.
      • Induced breeding for major carps.
      • Culture of freshwater prawns.
      • Elaborate on the structural organization of compound eye in prawn.
      • What are the major carps of India? Describe the polyculture methods of rearing the major carps.
      • Amniocentesis
      • Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusilla. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.
      • Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusiella. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.
      • Describe the life history and pathogenicity of Pyrilla perpusilla. Note on its preventive measures.
      • Write scientific names of any three pests of stored grains and describe the nature of damage and management of Sitophilus oryzae.
      • Account for the damage caused by two major insect pests for each of the paddy and stored cereals, with a note on the bionomics and control measures of the pests.
      • Mean and Mode
      • Natality and Mortality
      • Lotka-Volterra model
      • Give an account of “Analysis of variance” and mention its significance.
      • Describe the principle and application of ANOVA.
      • Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance.
      • Standard deviation, standard error, and methods of sampling.
      • Explain the arithmetic mean. Calculate arithmetic mean of classified data with an example.
      • Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance.
      • Describe the principle, working mechanism and applications of Geiger Muller counter.
      • Describe the principle, working and applications of Scintillation counter.
      • Insect vision.
      • Describe the principle and working of a Geiger-Muller counter and its use in Biology.
      • Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.
      • Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.
      • Describe the principle, structure and function of Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
      • Describe the principle, structure, and function of the Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
      • Explain the principle, working, and applications of the Geiger-Muller counter.
      • While using a compound microscope, how will you know how much you are magnifying an object? Through a distance under low and high powers. (150 words)
      • Describe the principle and working of a flame photometer.
      • Illustrate the organisation of electron transport particles on the inner mitochondrial membrane and explain their role in ATP synthesis.
      • Describe in detail about the respiratory chain or electron transport during oxidative phosphorylation in Mitochondria.
      • Explain with the help of diagrams, how the transport of electrons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain in mitochondria leads to the formation of a proton gradient and ATP synthesis.
      • Give schematic representation of electron transport chain. Describe the energy coupling mechanism in oxidative phosphorylation using chemiosmotic model.
      • Difference between male heterogamety and female heterogamety with examples.
      • Explain how the biological energy transformations obey the laws of thermodynamics.
      • What is Hox gene? Give the properties of Hox Gene and its cluster. What role do they play in humans?
      • What is DNA fingerprinting? Explain the principles and applications of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Describe the principle, procedure and applications of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Explain the following: (i) Principle of DNA fingerprinting
      • Explain the following: (ii) Michaelis-Menten kinetic pattern of an enzymatic reaction
      • What do you mean by a genetic clone? Describe a protocol of cloning of a recombinant DNA.
      • Explain the use of minisatellite DNA in the process of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Intraspecific relations.
      • Enumerate the selection pressures that led to bipedal locomotion in hominids.
      • Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.
      • Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.
      • Fossil reptiles and their evolutionary significance.
      • Write an essay on the fossil records of amphibians to explain their origin and evolution.
      • Eohippus and Parahippus.
      • Dating of fossils.
      • Identify the five important evolutionary changes that led to the evolution of modern Homo sapiens from the ancestral stock during various Geological eras and epochs.
      • What are fossils? Describe the process of fossil formation and give two methods of determining the age of fossils.
      • Write an account of the methods of determination of the age of fossils.
      • How are fossils formed? Describe the methods of dating of fossils.
      • Affinities of Balanoglossus.
      • Describe the traditional methods of classification of animals.
      • Discuss the laws of thermodynamics and their applications in biological systems.
      • Describe the use of molecular techniques in animal taxonomy.
      • Describe different types of vectors.
      • What is ICZN? Explain the principle, scope, and limitations in the presentday scenario of nomenclature.
      • What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.
      • What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.
      • Species and Subspecies.
      • Genera and Species.
      • Binomial system of classification.
      • Methods of zoological classification.
      • Chemotaxonomy and cytotaxonomy.
      • Chemotaxonomy.
      • Affinities and systematic position of Balanoglossus.
      • Write the systematic position of an oilseed pest. Give an account of its life cycle and the damage caused by this pest. Write a note on its control measures.
      • Describe the mechanism of synthesis of protein and steroid hormones. How do they affect cellular activity.
      • What are gap junction proteins? Discuss the roles of connexins in cellular interaction.
      • Peroxysome and Glyoxysome.
      • Neurohormones and Neurohumors.
      • ACTH.
      • Draw welllabelled diagrams of transverse sections of mammalian testis and ovary. Describe the functions of male and female sex hormones (Testosterone and Estrogen).
      • Compare the functions of prostaglandins and histamine. Give reasons for their being considered as hormones.
      • Describe the functional anatomy of neuroendocrine interrelationship in mammalian hypophysis. Name hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones in the tabular form showing their functional relationship. With the help of the diagram only, explain feedback mechanism in the HPG axis.
      • Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.
      • Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.
      • Explain the neuroendocrine regulation of insect metamorphosis with suitable illustrations. Comment on the role of JH (Juvenile Hormone) in insect metamorphosis.
      • Define Apoptosis. Explain its mechanism with suitable example.
      • Give an account of chemical nature and function of Neurohypophyseal hormones in mammals.
      • Illustrate the structure of a dipeptide and mention the characteristics of the peptide bond.
      • What is thermoregulation? How do homeothermic animals sustain by maintaining their body temperature in harsh climatic condition?
      • With the help of a welllabelled diagram (ventral aspect), describe the heart of rabbit showing major blood vessels. Add a note on the mechanism of circulation through the heart.
      • What controls heartbeat, and the rate at which blood flows through the circulatory system?
      • How does the structure of antibody give its specificity of functions? Add a note on the causes of allergic reaction.
      • Mention the different steps in the metabolism of iron. What are the functions that require iron? Add a note on the regulatory mechanism that ensure stable titers of iron in the body.
      • Explain ABO blood groups with its genetic basis and significance in blood transfusion.
      • Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.
      • Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.
      • Give a comprehensive account of gaseous transport in blood.
      • Genetic basis of ABO blood group system.
      • Describe the role of Calcitonin, Parathormone and Vitamin D3, in calcium metabolism.
      • Explain the extrinsic pathway for initiation of blood clotting.
      • Describe the genetics of ABO human blood groups. Can a man of blood group B be the father of the child of a woman of blood group A? The blood group of the child is O. Explain the genotypes.
      • Give a diagrammatic representation of citric acid cycle and discuss its role in metabolism.
      • Define thermoregulation. How do homeotherms regulate body temperature in hot and cold climates?
      • (i) Explain ATP utilizing reactions of glycolytic pathway.
      • (ii) Write NADH and FADH, producing reactions of Krebs cycle.
      • ABO system of blood groups and its basis, and erythroblastosis foetalis.
      • Chloride shift
      • What are erythroid cells? Explain the RBC lineage in balancing haemoglobin manufacture.
      • Draw a welllabelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion.
      • Henley's loop.
      • On your answerbook, write down the name of each of the ganglia marked (i) to (vii) in the diagram below on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic sympathetic Nervous system; Nervous System. How do they regulate the visceral and reflex functions of the body?
      • Discuss the mechanism involved in the survival of estuarine animals in varying salinities.
      • Explain the role of ADH and juxtaglomerular complex in the regulation of kidney function.
      • Illustrate the countercurrent mechanism by vasa recta and mention its physiological importance.
      • Explain the counter current mechanism operating at vasa recta and its role in urine formation.
      • With suitable examples, compare the chemical structure and functions of acetylcholine (in adrenergic neuron) and serotonin / 5hydroxytryptamine / γamino butyric acid (in peptidergic neurons).
      • What do you understand by osmoregulation? Describe the phenomenon and physiology of urine formation.
      • What is hypothalamopituitary axis? Draw a welllabelled diagram of pituitary gland and describe the functions of its hormones.
      • Capacitation and Acrosome reaction.
      • Organogenesis in the frog embryo.
      • Comparison of alimentary canal of frog and rabbit.
      • Draw well labelled diagrams only of male urinogenital system of Labeo and frog.
      • Describe the role of neuroendocrine factors and Sertoli cell secretions on spermatogenic functions of human seminiferous tubules.
      • Describe hyoid apparatus in Frog or Necturus.
      • What are the stages of the development of animals? How is it done?
      • Explain in detail about the events involved in the transformation of spermatid into sperm. Comment on why you consider these changes as essential.
      • Describe the process of metamorphosis in frogs and explain the role of thyroxin.
      • Illustrate the process of development during gastrulation in a chick embryo.
      • Describe with welllabelled diagram, the stages involved in Meiotic prophase.
      • What is primordial germ cell? With the help of suitable diagram, discuss the process of oogenesis.
      • Competence in embryology.
      • Regeneration and Neoplasia.
      • Regeneration.
      • Regeneration.
      • What is embryonic induction? Describe the mechanism of induction giving examples.
      • Describe the mechanism of embryonic induction giving examples.
      • Give a schematic representation of differentiation of sexual phenotypes during early embryonic development in mammals.
      • Explain the functions of mammalian integument.
      • Role of mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases.
      • Give an account of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and briefly discuss their pathogenicity.
      • Explain various measures implemented by the government to manage vehicular pollution in India.
      • List various population characteristics. Explain Jshaped and Sshaped growth forms with suitable examples.
      • Differentiate between inner and outer mitochondrial membrane.
      • Explain different steps in the activation of receptor protein tyrosine kinase with diagrams.
      • Give a brief account of evolution of man in Pleistocene period.
      • How does glucagon regulate the glycogen metabolism?
      • Using R groups properties, classify amino acids.
      • Describe the structure and functions of antibody isotypes with diagrams.
      • What is regeneration? Describe regenerative ability in hydra, planaria and urodele amphibians.
    • Urbanisation in India
    • Evolution of modern industry in India
    • LPG Reforms
    • Globalisation
    • Market Economy
    • Growth of urban settlements in India
    • Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization
    • Labour class movements
    • Informal sector
    • Globalization and Informal sector
    • Child labour
    • Slums and deprivation in urban areas
    • Population Dynamics
      • What is population dynamics and what are its controlling factors? State how population size and density are calculated. Write a note on the importance of population dynamics.
      • Population dynamics.
      • What do you mean by Population Dynamics? Analyze critically this phenomenon in animals.
    • Population Size, Growth, Composition and Distribution
    • Components of Population Growth: Birth, Death and Migration
    • Recent trends of Migration
    • Population Policy and Family Planning
    • Emerging issues
    • Ageing
    • Sex Ratio
    • Child and Infant Mortality Rate
    • Reproductive Health
    • Sociological theories of social change
    • Development of Underdevelopment
    • Marx
      • Marx's concept of 'alienation' is an essential part of the reality in capitalism. Explain.
      • Discuss Karl Marx's concept of class.
      • Explain Marx’s understanding of Human Essence and Alienation.
      • What is meant by ‘relative autonomy’ of State in Marxist analysis?
      • Evaluate Marx’s instrumentalist approach to the State.
      • Examine in detail Marx’s prescription for ending alienation and reaching the stage of de-alienation.
      • Comment: “Marx’s work could be seen as a compound of three elements—Green philosophy, English political economy and French socialism.” (Lenin)
      • Comment: “It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being determines their consciousness.” (Marx)
      • ‘Marx treats individual primarily as a member of a class.’ Critically examine his views on the ‘economic man.’
    • Theory of Cultural Lag
    • Dependency Theory
    • Talcott Parsons
    • Development and Dependency
    • Agents of Social Change
    • Tradition and Modernisation
    • Media
    • Education and Social Change
    • Science, Technology and Social Change
    • Social Changes in India
    • Modernization of Indian society
    • Idea of development planning and mixed economy
    • Constitution, law, and social change
    • Social Movements in Modern India
    • Peasants and Farmers Movements
    • Women’s Movement
    • Backward Classes & Dalit Movements
    • Dalit Movement
    • Satya Sodhak Samaj
    • Self-respect movement
    • Naxalbari Movement
    • Environmental Movements
    • Ethnicity and Identity Movements
    • Ethnic conflicts
    • Crisis of Development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability
    • Violence Against Women
    • Violence
    • Law and Order Issues
    • Changing Status of Women
    • Women empowerment
    • Illiteracy and Disparities in Education
    • Social Problems
    • Corruption
    • Alcoholism and drug addiction
    • Sociology Optional 2024 Paper 1 With Solution
      • Discuss the nature of Sociology. Highlight its relationship with Social Anthropology.
      • Analyse the changing nature of caste as a status group.
      • Marriage as an institution has undergone a radical transformation from ‘ritual’ to ‘commercial’ in its outlook. Explain the factors behind this change.
      • Democracy needs a vibrant culture of civil society in order to strengthen its foundation of citizenship. Comment.
      • What are the ‘basic and irreducible’ functions of the family as proposed by Talcott Parsons? Explain.
      • Sociology is the product of European enlightenment and renaissance. Critically examine this statement.
      • Do you think ‘objectivity’ is an over-hyped idea in sociological research? Discuss the merits and demerits of non-positivist methods.
      • What is social mobility? Critically examine the classification of ‘closed’ and ‘open’ models of social stratification.
      • How do you view and assess the increasing trend of digital ethnography and the use of visual culture in sociological research?
      • Describe the main idea of Max Weber’s book, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism as a critique of Marxism.
      • Critically explain the salient features of ‘alienation’ as propounded by Karl Marx.
      • What do you understand by ‘mixed method’? Discuss its strengths and limitations in social research.
      • Define the concept of ‘gig’ economy and discuss its impact on the labour market and workers’ social security net.
      • Critically assess the impact of technological advancement and automation on the nature of work and employment.
      • Describe various characteristics of a ‘social fact’. How is the rate of suicide a social fact according to Durkheim?
      • Explain G.H. Mead’s idea of development of ‘self’ through the ‘generalised other’.
      • Describe the differing principles of work organization in feudal and capitalist societies.
      • How is ‘power’ different from ‘authority’? Discuss various types of authorities as theorized by Max Weber.
      • Critically examine the roles of science and technology in social change. What is your opinion on their increasing trend in ‘online’ education and teaching?
      • Underline the role of social media in contemporary social movements and describe its challenges.
      • How does a multicultural society accommodate diversities of all kinds—ethnic, linguistic, and religious? Discuss its major challenges.
      • Discuss the concept of animism and differentiate it from naturism.
      • Do modernization and secularization necessarily go together? Give your views.
      • How do you understand the phenomena of the mushrooming of sects and cults in contemporary society? Discuss the factors responsible for the trend.
      • Discuss the dimensions of power in the construction and maintenance of social hierarchies in a society.
      • Modern families have not just become nuclear and neo-local, but also filiocentric. How do you explain this trend?
      • Discuss various theories of social change. Explain the limitations of unilinear theory of social change.
      • Critically examine the World-Systems theory of Immanuel Wallerstein in terms of development and dependency of various nations.
    • Sociology Optional 2024 Paper 2 With Solution
      • What, according to you, are the factors responsible for the continuance of caste system in India? Explain.
      • Discuss the changes taking place in the industrial class structure in India.
      • Is patriarchy a key to understanding different forms of inequalities in Indian society? Elaborate.
      • Do you think that family bondings are being affected by the changing kinship patterns in India? Comment.
      • Despite the efforts of the government, bonded labour still continues in India. Discuss.
      • Differentiate between ‘Western’ and ‘Indological’ perspectives on the study of Indian society. Bring out the major aspects of G. S. Ghurye’s contribution to ‘Indological’ approach.
      • What are the definitional problems involved in identifying tribes in India? Discuss the main obstacles to tribal development in India.
      • What, according to Andre Beteille, are the bases of agrarian class structure in India? Analyse.
      • Why is the study of marriage important in Sociology? Analyse the implications of changing marriage patterns for Indian society.
      • Do you think that the constitutional provisions for women have led to their uplift? Give reasons for your answer.
      • Education is a key to social development. Elucidate.
      • How do religious communities contribute to the cultural diversity of India?
      • What do you understand by decentralisation of power? What is its role in strengthening the roots of democracy in India? Elaborate.
      • What are the different forms of untouchability still practised in India? Discuss with suitable illustrations.
      • Examine with suitable examples the recent trends in the growth of urban settlements in India.
      • Is there a connection between labour migration and informal sector? Justify your answer with reference to Indian context.
      • Are slums the manifestations of industrialisation and urbanisation in India? Explain.
      • Discuss the changing nature of political elites in India.
      • What is your assessment about the recent farmers’ movement in India? Elaborate.
      • Discuss the major challenges related to women’s reproductive health in India. What measures would you suggest to overcome these challenges?
      • What is sustainable development? How can sustainability be achieved in India where livelihood needs conflict with environmental protection?
      • Critically examine the relevance of development planning in India.
      • Analyse the trilogy between environmental movement, development, and tribal identity.
      • To what extent have the legal provisions been effective in curbing violence against women in India? Give your argument.
      • Trace the social and historical origins of Dalit movements in modern India.
      • Highlight the major contributions of the reform movements in pre-independent India.
      • Identify different forms of inequalities associated with agrarian social structure in India.
      • What are pressure groups? Discuss their role in decision-making in democracy.
    • Sociology Optional 2025 Paper 1 With Solution
      • What is common sense? How are common knowledge and sociology related to each other? Explain.
      • What is the relationship (similarities and differences) between sociology and history in terms of their area of study and methodology? Discuss.
      • What is a variable in social research? What are their different types? Elaborate.
      • Can Merton's reference group theory be relevant in understanding 'identity making' in digital world? Explain.
      • Is the social stratification theory gender-blind? Elucidate.
      • What is positivism? Critically analyze the major arguments against it.
      • Highlight the main features of historical materialism as propounded by Marx. How far is this theory relevant in understanding contemporary societies? Explain.
      • What do you mean by reliability? Discuss the importance of reliability in social science research.
      • Compare capability deprivation approach with that of social capital deprivation in understanding chronic poverty.
      • Are pressure groups a threat to or a necessary element of democracy? Explain with suitable illustrations.
      • What is hypothesis? Critically evaluate the significance of hypothesis in social research.
      • Give an account of the recent trends of marriage in the Indian context. How are these different from traditional practices?
      • What would you identify as the similarities and differences in the elite theories of Mosca, Michels and Pareto? Discuss their main/crucial issues.
      • Critically analyze the sociological significance of informal sector in the economy of developing societies.
      • In what way is the scope of sociology unique? Explain.
      • Does the structural-functionalist perspective on social stratification promote a status quo? Give reasons for your answer.
      • Do you think that the formal workspaces are free of gender bias? Argue your case.
      • How does Weber's Verstehen address the objectivity-subjectivity debate in sociology?
      • To what extent can education and skill development be an agent of social change? Critically analyze.
      • What is science? Do you think that the methods used in natural sciences can be applied to sociology? Give reasons for your answer.
      • What do you understand by gender-based domestic division of labour? Is it undergoing a change in the wake of increasing participation of women in formal employment? Clarify your answer with illustrations.
      • How can you assess the significance of social movements in the digital era? Explain.
      • What is sampling in the context of social research? Discuss different forms of sampling with their relative advantages and disadvantages.
      • How do theories of Marx, Weber and Durkheim differ in understanding religion? Explain.
      • What is the nature of relationship between science and religion in modern society? Analyze with suitable examples.
      • What do you understand by sustainable development? Discuss the elements of sustainable development as proposed in the UNDP's Sustainable Development Goals Report-2015.
      • How do 'Civil Society Organizations' such as 'NGOs' and 'Self-Help Groups' contribute to grassroot level social changes? Discuss.
      • In what way does queer kinship challenge the traditional kinship system? Substantiate by giving illustrations.
    • Sociology Optional 2025 Paper 2 With Solution
      • "Textual perspective is important in understanding of Indian Social System." Discuss.
      • Justify that the Indian traditions are modernizing. Also discuss its contributing factors.
      • According to you, which social reform movement has played the most effective role in uplifting the status of women? Explain.
      • How did Colonial Policies for the tribes affect their socio-economic conditions in India? Discuss.
      • How would you appropriate to characterise G. S. Ghurye as a practitioner of 'theoretical pluralism'?
      • Do you think that in a society like India orthogenetic changes take place through differentiation? Do you observe continuities in the orthogenetic process? Elaborate your answer with suitable examples.
      • "Agrarian class structure has been undergoing changes due to modern forces." Critically examine.
      • How same sex marriages are responsible for population dynamics in India? Discuss.
      • What do you mean by nation building? What is the role of religion in nation building? Elaborate your answer.
      • Do you think that new economic reforms of British rule have disrupted the old economic system of India? Substantiate your answer with suitable examples.
      • Describe the main features of Indian new middle class. How is it different from the old middle class?
      • Who is said to be the pioneer of village studies in India? Illustratively describe contributions of some Indian sociologists on village studies. How their approaches are distinct from each other?
      • "Industrial class structure is a function of social structure of Indian society." Do you agree with this statement? Analyze.
      • What is kinship? Briefly explain G. P. Murdock's contribution to the study of the kinship system.
      • 'The transfer of land from cultivating to the non-cultivating owners is bringing about transformation in Indian society.' Justify your answer by giving suitable illustrations.
      • Bring out various factors responsible for declining of village Industries in India.
      • Discuss the social bases of political mobilization in Independent India. Has some change occurred in these during the last 60-70 years?
      • What are the major problems faced by the labour migrants while working in informal sectors of Indian States? Discuss.
      • Do you think that law has been able to abolish child labour in India? Comment.
      • In what respects have the constitutional provisions changed the socio-economic and political conditions of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India? Critically examine.
      • Discuss the trend of urbanization in India. Do you think that Industrialization is the only precondition of urbanization? Give your arguments.
      • Which measures would you suggest for preventing caste conflicts in India? Justify your argument.
      • What are the Private and Public network and support systems operative in Indian society for the aged? Suggest measures to curb down the challenges before care givers of the aged.
      • "Educational development is the only Panacea for country's all ills and evils." Critically examine the above statement with reference to NEP-2020.
      • How Dalit movements in India have facilitated their Identity formation? Analyze.
      • Is it possible to have sustainable development in India? Cite major environmental issues and suggest a few measures to achieve the sustainability.
      • Do you think that forced displacement of labourers has caused their deprivation and resultant inequalities during the recent past years? Elaborate.
      • What are the Indian government's schemes launched for poverty alleviation after the United Nation's Declaration of 'Sustainable Development Goals - 2015'? Briefly describe.
    • Sociology Optional Test 1 2026
      • Discuss the impact of modernity on social changes in Europe and how it led to the emergence of Sociology as a distinct discipline.
      • Compare and contrast the scope of Sociology with other social sciences. How does Sociology's approach differ from common sense understanding of social phenomena?
      • Examine the role of the scientific method in Sociology. How do major theoretical strands of research methodology contribute to the discipline?
      • Critically analyze the concept of positivism in Sociology. What are the main critiques of positivism, and how do they influence the study of social sciences?
      • Evaluate the relationship between fact, value, and objectivity in sociological research. How do non-positivist methodologies address these aspects?
      • Discuss the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods in Sociology. What are the key techniques of data collection, and how do they ensure reliability and validity in research?
      • Discuss the impact of modernity on social changes in Europe and how it led to the emergence of Sociology as a distinct discipline.
      • Compare and contrast the scope of Sociology with other social sciences. How does Sociology differ in its approach and methodology?
      • Examine the relationship between Sociology and common sense. Can Sociology be considered as an extension of common sense?
      • Critically analyze the application of the scientific method in Sociology. What are the major critiques of using scientific methods in social research?
      • Evaluate the major theoretical strands of research methodology in Sociology. How do these methodologies influence sociological research?
      • Positivism has been a dominant approach in Sociology. Discuss its principles and provide a critique of its limitations.
      • How do fact, value, and objectivity interplay in sociological research? Discuss with relevant examples.
      • Explore the significance of non-positivist methodologies in Sociology. How do they contribute to a deeper understanding of social phenomena?
      • Compare qualitative and quantitative methods in sociological research. What are the strengths and limitations of each approach?
      • Discuss the various techniques of data collection in Sociology. How do these techniques ensure the reliability and validity of research findings?
      • Analyze the contributions of Karl Marx to Sociology, focusing on historical materialism and class struggle. How are these concepts relevant today?
      • Emile Durkheim's concept of social fact is central to his sociological theory. Discuss its significance and application in contemporary society.
      • Examine the role of social stratification in shaping social mobility. How do open and closed systems affect individual mobility?
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC Optionals
  3. Sociology Optional
  4. Misc.

Food Web. (UPSC 2024, 10 Marks, )

खाद्य जाल (Food Web)
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Introduction
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Ozone layer and its importance. (UPSC 2023, 8 Marks, )

ओज़ोन परत और इसका महत्व। (Ozone layer and its importance.)
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Introduction
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Ozone layer depletion. (UPSC 2018, 10 Marks, )

ओजोन परत का क्षय। (Ozone layer depletion.)
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Introduction
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What are the possible consequences of ozone layer depletion? (UPSC 2017, 10 Marks, )

ओज़ोन परत के क्षय के संभावित परिणाम क्या हैं? (What are the possible consequences of ozone layer depletion?)
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Introduction
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What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

ओज़ोन परत क्या है? ओज़ोन परत के क्षय की प्रक्रिया और उसके प्रभाव का वर्णन करें। (What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.)
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Introduction
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What is ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

ओज़ोन परत क्या है? ओज़ोन परत के क्षय की प्रक्रिया और उसके प्रभाव का वर्णन करें। (What is ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.)
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Describe the carbon cycle and discuss its peculiarities. How do human activities interfere with the carbon cycle? (UPSC 2013, 25 Marks, )

कार्बन चक्र का वर्णन करें और इसकी विशेषताओं पर चर्चा करें। मानव गतिविधियाँ कार्बन चक्र में कैसे हस्तक्षेप करती हैं? (Describe the carbon cycle and discuss its peculiarities. How do human activities interfere with the carbon cycle?)
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Introduction
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The ozone layer and its impact. (UPSC 2006, 20 Marks, )

ओजोन परत और इसका प्रभाव। (The ozone layer and its impact.)
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Introduction
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Global warming, its causes, and effects. (UPSC 2003, 20 Marks, )

ग्लोबल वार्मिंग, इसके कारण और प्रभाव। (Global warming, its causes, and effects.)
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Suitable examples describe the biotic factors that influence intra- and interspecific relations. (UPSC 1998, 60 Marks, )

उपयुक्त उदाहरण जैविक कारकों का वर्णन करते हैं जो अंतःप्रजातीय और अंतरप्रजातीय संबंधों को प्रभावित करते हैं। (Suitable examples describe the biotic factors that influence intra- and interspecific relations.)
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Draw a flow diagram of the nitrogen cycle and give accounts of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification. (UPSC 2011, 15 Marks, )

नाइट्रोजन चक्र का प्रवाह आरेख बनाएं और नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण, नाइट्रीकरण, और डिनाइट्रीकरण का वर्णन करें। (Draw a flow diagram of the nitrogen cycle and give accounts of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.)
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Give the mechanism of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons. (UPSC 2011, 15 Marks, )

क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन द्वारा ओजोन अपघटन की प्रक्रिया बताएं। (Give the mechanism of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons.)
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Draw diagrams to differentiate between ecological pyramids based on predator-prey relationship and energy flow in an ecological niche. (UPSC 2012, 12 Marks, )

शिकारी-शिकार संबंध और पारिस्थितिक निच में ऊर्जा प्रवाह पर आधारित पारिस्थितिक पिरामिडों के बीच अंतर करने के लिए आरेख बनाएं। (Draw diagrams to differentiate between ecological pyramids based on predator-prey relationship and energy flow in an ecological niche.)
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Write note on ecological pyramids with suitable examples. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

'उपयुक्त उदाहरणों के साथ पारिस्थितिक पिरामिडों पर नोट लिखें।' (Write note on ecological pyramids with suitable examples.)
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Ecological niche. (UPSC 2023, 10 Marks, )

पारिस्थितिक निच (Ecological niche)
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What is Integrated Pest Management? Describe the different strategies of integrated pest management employed in agriculture. (UPSC 2022, 15 Marks, )

एकीकृत कीट प्रबंधन क्या है? कृषि में प्रयुक्त एकीकृत कीट प्रबंधन की विभिन्न रणनीतियों का वर्णन करें। (What is Integrated Pest Management? Describe the different strategies of integrated pest management employed in agriculture.)
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Define ecosystem. Discuss the structure and functions of ecosystem. (UPSC 2021, 20 Marks, )

पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को परिभाषित करें। पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र की संरचना और कार्यों पर चर्चा करें। (Define ecosystem. Discuss the structure and functions of ecosystem.)
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Discuss environmental degradation with regards to inland water resources. Suggest measures to restore the water quality of our rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. (UPSC 2017, 20 Marks, )

आंतरिक जल संसाधनों के संदर्भ में पर्यावरणीय क्षरण पर चर्चा करें। हमारी नदियों, झीलों और जलाशयों की जल गुणवत्ता को बहाल करने के उपाय सुझाएं। (Discuss environmental degradation with regards to inland water resources. Suggest measures to restore the water quality of our rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.)
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Elaborate the term 'Ecosystem' and explain its structural components with examples. Comment on Trophic Dynamics concept. (UPSC 2017, 15 Marks, )

'पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र' शब्द का विस्तार करें और इसके संरचनात्मक घटकों को उदाहरण सहित समझाएं। ट्रॉफिक डायनामिक्स की अवधारणा पर टिप्पणी करें। (Elaborate the term 'Ecosystem' and explain its structural components with examples. Comment on Trophic Dynamics concept.)
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What is Ganga action plan? Explain. (UPSC 2015, 10 Marks, )

गंगा कार्य योजना क्या है? समझाइए। (What is Ganga action plan? Explain.)
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Give an account of causes and consequences of pollution of aquatic resources and the problem of cultural eutrophication. Suggest measures for the abatement of water degradation. (UPSC 2015, 15 Marks, )

जलीय संसाधनों के प्रदूषण के कारणों और परिणामों तथा सांस्कृतिक यूट्रोफिकेशन की समस्या का विवरण दें। जल क्षय की रोकथाम के उपाय सुझाएं। (Give an account of causes and consequences of pollution of aquatic resources and the problem of cultural eutrophication. Suggest measures for the abatement of water degradation.)
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Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web. (UPSC 2014, 20 Marks, )

प्रमुख और कीस्टोन प्रजातियों के बीच अंतर करें। समुदाय की संरचना और खाद्य जाल की संरचना पर कीस्टोन प्रजातियों द्वारा निभाई गई महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका पर एक टिप्पणी जोड़ें। (Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.)
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Define ecosystem. Discuss the dynamic of the ecosystem and the factors influencing it. (UPSC 2013, 25 Marks, )

पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को परिभाषित करें। पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र की गतिशीलता और इसे प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों पर चर्चा करें। (Define ecosystem. Discuss the dynamic of the ecosystem and the factors influencing it.)
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Explicate the 'Nitrogen Cycle' and comment on its importance in the ecosystem? (UPSC 2008, 30 Marks, )

'नाइट्रोजन चक्र' की व्याख्या करें और पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में इसके महत्व पर टिप्पणी करें? (Explicate the 'Nitrogen Cycle' and comment on its importance in the ecosystem?)
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Aquatic ecosystem (UPSC 2008, 20 Marks, )

जलीय पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र (Aquatic ecosystem)
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Trophic levels. (UPSC 2000, 20 Marks, )

उपपोषी स्तर। (Trophic levels)
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Trophic levels. (UPSC 1998, 20 Marks, )

उपपोषी स्तर। (Trophic levels)
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What is meant by the population? Describe various characteristics of a population. Discuss the phenomenon of stabilization of populations. (UPSC 2004, 60 Marks, )

जनसंख्या से क्या अभिप्राय है? जनसंख्या की विभिन्न विशेषताओं का वर्णन करें। जनसंख्या के स्थिरीकरण की घटना पर चर्चा करें। (What is meant by the population? Describe various characteristics of a population. Discuss the phenomenon of stabilization of populations.)
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“A population is a self-regulating system.” (Wynne Edwards). Explain. (UPSC 2011, 30 Marks, )

"जनसंख्या एक आत्म-नियमन प्रणाली है।" (विन एडवर्ड्स)। व्याख्या करें। (Explain.)
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What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations. (UPSC 2015, 15 Marks, )

वितरण से क्या अभिप्राय है? प्राकृतिक जनसंख्या में वितरण के पैटर्न को समझाइए। (What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.)
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What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations. (UPSC 2015, 15 Marks, )

वितरण से क्या अभिप्राय है? प्राकृतिक जनसंख्या में वितरण के पैटर्न को समझाइए। (What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.)
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“A population is a self-regulating system.” Justify. (UPSC 2017, 15 Marks, )

"जनसंख्या एक आत्म-नियंत्रित प्रणाली है।" न्यायोचित ठहराएं। (Justify)
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What is population growth? Delineate different factors affecting population growth. Distinguish between “J” shaped and “S” shaped growth curve with examples. (UPSC 2018, 15 Marks, )

जनसंख्या वृद्धि क्या है? जनसंख्या वृद्धि को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों का वर्णन करें। <b><i>"J"</i></b> आकार और <b><i>"S"</i></b> आकार के वृद्धि वक्र के बीच अंतर करें और उदाहरण दें। (What is population growth? Delineate different factors affecting population growth. Distinguish between “J” shaped and “S” shaped growth curve with examples.)
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Differentiate between population dispersal and population dispersion. (UPSC 2019, 8 Marks, )

जनसंख्या प्रसार और जनसंख्या वितरण के बीच अंतर करें। (Differentiate between population dispersal and population dispersion.)
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Define population. Explain the characteristics of a population. (UPSC 2020, 10 Marks, )

जनसंख्या को परिभाषित करें। जनसंख्या की विशेषताओं की व्याख्या करें। (Define population. Explain the characteristics of a population.)
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Describe various means which result in change in gene frequencies in a population. (UPSC 2023, 15 Marks, )

जनसंख्या में जीन आवृत्तियों में परिवर्तन के परिणामस्वरूप विभिन्न साधनों का वर्णन करें। (Describe various means which result in change in gene frequencies in a population.)
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Distinguish between founder effect and bottleneck effect. How do these forces affect gene frequency of a large population? (UPSC 2023, 10 Marks, )

संस्थापक प्रभाव और बॉटलनेक प्रभाव के बीच अंतर करें। ये बल एक बड़ी जनसंख्या की जीन आवृत्ति को कैसे प्रभावित करते हैं? (Distinguish between founder effect and bottleneck effect. How do these forces affect gene frequency of a large population?)
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Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web. (UPSC 2014, 20 Marks, )

प्रमुख और कीस्टोन प्रजातियों के बीच अंतर करें। समुदाय की संरचना और खाद्य जाल की संरचना पर कीस्टोन प्रजातियों द्वारा निभाई गई महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका पर एक टिप्पणी जोड़ें। (Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.)
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What are various biological resources? Discuss in detail the efforts made and present status of conservation of biological resources in India. (UPSC 2002, 60 Marks, )

विभिन्न जैविक संसाधन क्या हैं? भारत में जैविक संसाधनों के संरक्षण के लिए किए गए प्रयासों और वर्तमान स्थिति पर विस्तार से चर्चा करें। (What are various biological resources? Discuss in detail the efforts made and present status of conservation of biological resources in India.)
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Write an account of the mission "Project Tiger" and mention the conservation strategies. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

मिशन <b><i>"प्रोजेक्ट टाइगर"</i></b> का विवरण लिखें और संरक्षण रणनीतियों का उल्लेख करें। (Write an account of the mission <b><i>"Project Tiger"</i></b> and mention the conservation strategies.)
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What is Project Tiger? Discuss the various threats and conservation strategies to protect tigers in India. (UPSC 2023, 15 Marks, )

'प्रोजेक्ट टाइगर क्या है? भारत में बाघों की सुरक्षा के लिए विभिन्न खतरों और संरक्षण रणनीतियों पर चर्चा करें।' (What is Project Tiger? Discuss the various threats and conservation strategies to protect tigers in India.)
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What are Euphenics? Explain its use for the improvement of human welfare. (UPSC 2015, 15 Marks, )

यूपेनिक्स क्या हैं? मानव कल्याण में सुधार के लिए इसका उपयोग समझाएं। (What are Euphenics? Explain its use for the improvement of human welfare.)
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Distinguish between in situ and ex situ conservation of animals. Provide suitable examples. (UPSC 2011, 30 Marks, )

जानवरों के इन-सीटू और एक्स-सीटू संरक्षण के बीच अंतर करें। उपयुक्त उदाहरण प्रदान करें। (Distinguish between in situ and ex situ conservation of animals. Provide suitable examples.)
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Discuss the role of molecular taxonomy in coding of biodiversity. (UPSC 2011, 20 Marks, )

जैव विविधता के कूटबद्धीकरण में आणविक वर्गिकी की भूमिका पर चर्चा करें। (Discuss the role of molecular taxonomy in coding of biodiversity.)
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What is taxonomic hierarchy? Explain biodiversity on the basis of molecular taxonomy using suitable examples. (UPSC 2013, 10 Marks, )

टैक्सोनोमिक श्रेणीक्रम क्या है? उपयुक्त उदाहरणों का उपयोग करते हुए आणविक वर्गिकी के आधार पर जैव विविधता को समझाएं। (What is taxonomic hierarchy? Explain biodiversity on the basis of molecular taxonomy using suitable examples.)
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Red Data Book. (UPSC 2024, 10 Marks, )

रेड डेटा बुक। (Red Data Book)
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What is ‘Ganga action plan’? Explain. (UPSC 2015, 10 Marks, )

'गंगा एक्शन प्लान' क्या है? समझाइए। (What is 'Ganga action plan'? Explain.)
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What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

ओज़ोन परत क्या है? ओज़ोन परत के क्षय की प्रक्रिया और उसके प्रभाव का वर्णन करें। (What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.)
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Discuss briefly the degradation of terrestrial ecosystems by human activities. (UPSC 2011, 30 Marks, )

संक्षेप में मानव गतिविधियों द्वारा स्थलीय पारिस्थितिक तंत्र के क्षरण पर चर्चा करें। (Discuss briefly the degradation of terrestrial ecosystems by human activities.)
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Ozone layer, its destruction, and effects. (UPSC 2002, 20 Marks, )

ओजोन परत, इसका विनाश, और प्रभाव। (Ozone layer, its destruction, and effects.)
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Describe the rapidly acting synaptic transmitters with suitable examples. (UPSC 2021, 10 Marks, )

तेजी से कार्य करने वाले सिनेप्टिक ट्रांसमीटरों का उपयुक्त उदाहरणों के साथ वर्णन करें। (Describe the rapidly acting synaptic transmitters with suitable examples.)
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Define ‘insight’. Explain this behavior using the example of Chimpanzees. (UPSC 2013, 10 Marks, )

'अंतर्दृष्टि' को परिभाषित करें। चिंपैंजी के उदाहरण का उपयोग करके इस व्यवहार को समझाएं। (Define ‘insight’. Explain this behavior using the example of Chimpanzees.)
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How do animals navigate in the dark? Use owl and chiropterans as examples and highlight the features of their navigational sensory equipment. (UPSC 2012, 20 Marks, )

जानवर अंधेरे में कैसे दिशा-निर्देशन करते हैं? उल्लू और चमगादड़ों को उदाहरण के रूप में उपयोग करें और उनके दिशा-निर्देशन संवेदी उपकरण की विशेषताओं को उजागर करें। (How do animals navigate in the dark? Use owl and chiropterans as examples and highlight the features of their navigational sensory equipment.)
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How do animals perceive mechanical and olfactory stimuli from the environment? Explain. (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

जानवर पर्यावरण से यांत्रिक और घ्राण उत्तेजनाओं को कैसे समझते हैं? समझाएं। (How do animals perceive mechanical and olfactory stimuli from the environment? Explain.)
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Explain Aggressive and Territorial behaviour in animals, with suitable examples. (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

जानवरों में आक्रामक और क्षेत्रीय व्यवहार को उपयुक्त उदाहरणों के साथ समझाएं। (Explain Aggressive and Territorial behaviour in animals, with suitable examples.)
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Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

शिकारी-शिकार संबंध का उपयुक्त उदाहरणों के साथ वर्णन करें। (Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.)
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Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

शिकारी-शिकार संबंध का उपयुक्त उदाहरणों के साथ वर्णन करें। (Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.)
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With suitable example describe the neuro-endocrine control of behaviors. (UPSC 1998, 60 Marks, )

उदाहरण देकर व्यवहारों के न्यूरो-एंडोक्राइन नियंत्रण का वर्णन करें। (With suitable example describe the neuro-endocrine control of behaviors.)
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Indian major carps and Exotic carps (UPSC 2021, 8 Marks, )

भारतीय प्रमुख कार्प और विदेशी कार्प (Indian major carps and Exotic carps)
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What are the different criteria for the selection of candidate species for aquaculture? (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

जलीय कृषि के लिए प्रजातियों के चयन के विभिन्न मानदंड क्या हैं? (What are the different criteria for the selection of candidate species for aquaculture?)
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Through a labelled diagram, show the stages of the life-history of Bombyx mori. (UPSC 2013, 10 Marks, )

लेबल वाले आरेख के माध्यम से, बॉम्बिक्स मोरी के जीवन-इतिहास के चरणों को दिखाएं। (Through a labelled diagram, show the stages of the life-history of Bombyx mori.)
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Beneficial insects. (UPSC 1998, 20 Marks, )

लाभकारी कीट। (Beneficial insects.)
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Induced breeding. (UPSC 1999, 20 Marks, )

प्रेरित प्रजनन (Induced breeding)
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Introduction
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Induced breeding for major carps. (UPSC 2001, 20 Marks, )

प्रमुख कार्प्स के लिए प्रेरित प्रजनन। (Induced breeding for major carps.)
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Culture of freshwater prawns. (UPSC 2002, 20 Marks, )

मीठे पानी की झींगा की संस्कृति। (Culture of freshwater prawns.)
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Elaborate on the structural organization of compound eye in prawn. (UPSC 2019, 8 Marks, )

झींगा में यौगिक नेत्र की संरचनात्मक संगठन पर विस्तार करें। (Elaborate on the structural organization of compound eye in prawn.)
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What are the major carps of India? Describe the polyculture methods of rearing the major carps. (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

भारत की प्रमुख कार्प मछलियाँ कौन सी हैं? प्रमुख कार्प मछलियों के पालन की बहुसंस्कृति विधियों का वर्णन करें। (What are the major carps of India? Describe the polyculture methods of rearing the major carps.)
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Amniocentesis (UPSC 2023, 10 Marks, )

ऐम्नियोसेंटेसिस (Amniocentesis)
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Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusilla. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures. (UPSC 2016, 10 Marks, )

कीट की परिभाषा दें। पिरीला पर्पुसिला के जीवन चक्र का वर्णन करें। इसके द्वारा किए गए नुकसान और इसके नियंत्रण उपायों पर नोट्स जोड़ें। (Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusilla. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.)
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Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusiella. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures. (UPSC 2016, 10 Marks, )

कीट की परिभाषा दें। पिरीला पर्पुसीएला के जीवन चक्र का वर्णन करें। इसके द्वारा किए गए नुकसान और इसके नियंत्रण उपायों पर नोट्स जोड़ें। (Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusiella. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.)
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Describe the life history and pathogenicity of Pyrilla perpusilla. Note on its preventive measures. (UPSC 2019, 10 Marks, )

पाइरिला पर्पुसिला के जीवन इतिहास और रोगजनकता का वर्णन करें। इसके निवारक उपायों पर ध्यान दें। (Describe the life history and pathogenicity of Pyrilla perpusilla. Note on its preventive measures.)
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Write scientific names of any three pests of stored grains and describe the nature of damage and management of Sitophilus oryzae. (UPSC 2020, 15 Marks, )

किसी भी तीन भंडारित अनाज के कीटों के वैज्ञानिक नाम लिखें और Sitophilus oryzae के क्षति की प्रकृति और प्रबंधन का वर्णन करें। (Write scientific names of any three pests of stored grains and describe the nature of damage and management of Sitophilus oryzae.)
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Account for the damage caused by two major insect pests for each of the paddy and stored cereals, with a note on the bionomics and control measures of the pests. (UPSC 1999, 60 Marks, )

धान और भंडारित अनाज के लिए दो प्रमुख कीटों द्वारा किए गए नुकसान का हिसाब दें, कीटों की जैविक विशेषताओं और नियंत्रण उपायों पर एक टिप्पणी के साथ। (Account for the damage caused by two major insect pests for each of the paddy and stored cereals, with a note on the bionomics and control measures of the pests.)
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Mean and Mode (UPSC 2021, 8 Marks, )

माध्य और बहुलक (Mean and Mode)
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Natality and Mortality (UPSC 2021, 8 Marks, )

जन्मदर और मृत्यु दर (Natality and Mortality)
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Lotka-Volterra model (UPSC 2023, 10 Marks, )

लोटका-वोल्टेरा मॉडल (Lotka-Volterra model)
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Give an account of “Analysis of variance” and mention its significance. (UPSC 2014, 10 Marks, )

"विविधता के विश्लेषण का विवरण दें और इसके महत्व का उल्लेख करें।" (Give an account of “Analysis of variance” and mention its significance.)
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Describe the principle and application of ANOVA. (UPSC 2020, 10 Marks, )

ANOVA के सिद्धांत और अनुप्रयोग का वर्णन करें। (Describe the principle and application of ANOVA.)
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Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance. (UPSC 2014, 10 Marks, )

"विविधता के विश्लेषण" का विवरण दें और इसका महत्व बताएं। (Give an account of <b><i>"Analysis of variance"</i></b> and mention its significance.)
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Standard deviation, standard error, and methods of sampling. (UPSC 2000, 20 Marks, )

मानक विचलन, मानक त्रुटि, और नमूना लेने की विधियाँ। (Standard deviation, standard error, and methods of sampling.)
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Explain the arithmetic mean. Calculate arithmetic mean of classified data with an example. (UPSC 2003, 30 Marks, )

अंकगणितीय माध्य को समझाएं। एक उदाहरण के साथ वर्गीकृत डेटा का अंकगणितीय माध्य गणना करें। (Explain the arithmetic mean. Calculate arithmetic mean of classified data with an example.)
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Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance. (UPSC 2014, 10 Marks, )

"विविधता के विश्लेषण" का विवरण दें और इसका महत्व बताएं। (Give an account of <b><i>"Analysis of variance"</i></b> and mention its significance.)
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Describe the principle, working mechanism and applications of Geiger Muller counter. (UPSC 2023, 10 Marks, )

गीगर मुलर काउंटर के सिद्धांत, कार्य तंत्र और अनुप्रयोगों का वर्णन करें। (Describe the principle, working mechanism and applications of Geiger Muller counter.)
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Describe the principle, working and applications of Scintillation counter. (UPSC 2022, 15 Marks, )

सिंटिलेशन काउंटर के सिद्धांत, कार्य और अनुप्रयोगों का वर्णन करें। (Describe the principle, working and applications of Scintillation counter.)
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Insect vision. (UPSC 1999, 20 Marks, )

कीट दृष्टि। (Insect vision.)
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Describe the principle and working of a Geiger-Muller counter and its use in Biology. (UPSC 2006, 30 Marks, )

जाइगर-मुलर काउंटर के सिद्धांत और कार्य करने की विधि का वर्णन करें और इसका जीवविज्ञान में उपयोग। (Describe the principle and working of a Geiger-Muller counter and its use in Biology.)
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Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss. (UPSC 2015, 10 Marks, )

इलेक्ट्रोफोरेसिस गुप्त-प्रजातियों के समूहों को सुलझाने में एक मूल्यवान उपकरण है। चर्चा करें। (Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.)
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Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss. (UPSC 2015, 10 Marks, )

इलेक्ट्रोफोरेसिस गुप्त-प्रजातियों के समूहों को सुलझाने में एक मूल्यवान उपकरण है। चर्चा करें। (Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.)
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Describe the principle, structure and function of Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

तरल स cintillation काउंटर के सिद्धांत, संरचना और कार्य का वर्णन करें और इसके अनुप्रयोग का उल्लेख करें। (Describe the principle, structure and function of Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.)
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Describe the principle, structure, and function of the Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

तरल स cintillation काउंटर के सिद्धांत, संरचना और कार्य का वर्णन करें और इसके अनुप्रयोग का उल्लेख करें। (Describe the principle, structure, and function of the Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.)
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Explain the principle, working, and applications of the Geiger-Muller counter. (UPSC 2019, 8 Marks, )

जाइगर-मुलर काउंटर के सिद्धांत, कार्यप्रणाली, और अनुप्रयोगों को समझाइए। (Explain the principle, working, and applications of the Geiger-Muller counter.)
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While using a compound microscope, how will you know how much you are magnifying an object? Through a distance under low and high powers. (150 words) (UPSC 2013, 10 Marks, )

संयोजी सूक्ष्मदर्शी का उपयोग करते समय, आप कैसे जानेंगे कि आप किसी वस्तु को कितना बड़ा कर रहे हैं? निम्न और उच्च शक्तियों के तहत एक दूरी के माध्यम से। (150 शब्द)
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Describe the principle and working of a flame photometer. (UPSC 2004, 30 Marks, )

फ्लेम फोटामीटर के सिद्धांत और कार्य करने की विधि का वर्णन करें। (Describe the principle and working of a flame photometer.)
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Illustrate the organisation of electron transport particles on the inner mitochondrial membrane and explain their role in ATP synthesis. (UPSC 2017, 20 Marks, )

इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन कणों के आंतरिक माइटोकॉन्ड्रियल झिल्ली पर संगठन को चित्रित करें और एटीपी संश्लेषण में उनकी भूमिका को समझाएं। (Illustrate the organisation of electron transport particles on the inner mitochondrial membrane and explain their role in ATP synthesis.)
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Describe in detail about the respiratory chain or electron transport during oxidative phosphorylation in Mitochondria. (UPSC 2018, 20 Marks, )

माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में ऑक्सीडेटिव फॉस्फोराइलेशन के दौरान श्वसन श्रृंखला या इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन के बारे में विस्तार से वर्णन करें। (Describe in detail about the respiratory chain or electron transport during oxidative phosphorylation in Mitochondria.)
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Explain with the help of diagrams, how the transport of electrons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain in mitochondria leads to the formation of a proton gradient and ATP synthesis. (UPSC 2019, 15 Marks, )

आरेखों की सहायता से समझाएं कि माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया में श्वसन श्रृंखला के चार परिसरों के माध्यम से इलेक्ट्रॉनों का परिवहन कैसे प्रोटॉन ग्रेडिएंट के निर्माण और एटीपी संश्लेषण की ओर ले जाता है। (Explain with the help of diagrams, how the transport of electrons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain in mitochondria leads to the formation of a proton gradient and ATP synthesis.)
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Give schematic representation of electron transport chain. Describe the energy coupling mechanism in oxidative phosphorylation using chemiosmotic model. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

इलेक्ट्रॉन परिवहन श्रृंखला का योजनाबद्ध प्रतिनिधित्व दें। रासायनिक आसमाटिक मॉडल का उपयोग करके ऑक्सीडेटिव फॉस्फोराइलेशन में ऊर्जा युग्मन तंत्र का वर्णन करें। (Give schematic representation of electron transport chain. Describe the energy coupling mechanism in oxidative phosphorylation using chemiosmotic model.)
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Difference between male heterogamety and female heterogamety with examples. (UPSC 2024, 10 Marks, )

'नर विषमगैमेटी और मादा विषमगैमेटी के बीच अंतर उदाहरणों के साथ।' (Difference between male heterogamety and female heterogamety with examples.)
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Explain how the biological energy transformations obey the laws of thermodynamics. (UPSC 2018, 8 Marks, )

समझाएं कि जैविक ऊर्जा परिवर्तन थर्मोडायनामिक्स के नियमों का पालन कैसे करते हैं। (Explain how the biological energy transformations obey the laws of thermodynamics.)
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What is Hox gene? Give the properties of Hox Gene and its cluster. What role do they play in humans? (UPSC 2013, 10 Marks, )

हॉक्स जीन क्या है? हॉक्स जीन और इसके क्लस्टर के गुण बताएं। वे मनुष्यों में क्या भूमिका निभाते हैं? (What is Hox gene? Give the properties of Hox Gene and its cluster. What role do they play in humans?)
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What is DNA fingerprinting? Explain the principles and applications of DNA fingerprinting. (UPSC 2017, 10 Marks, )

डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग क्या है? डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग के सिद्धांतों और अनुप्रयोगों की व्याख्या करें। (What is DNA fingerprinting? Explain the principles and applications of DNA fingerprinting.)
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Describe the principle, procedure and applications of DNA fingerprinting. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग के सिद्धांत, प्रक्रिया और अनुप्रयोगों का वर्णन करें। (Describe the principle, procedure and applications of DNA fingerprinting.)
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Explain the following: (i) Principle of DNA fingerprinting (UPSC 2022, 8 Marks, )

निम्नलिखित की व्याख्या करें: (i) डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग का सिद्धांत। (Explain the following: (i) Principle of DNA fingerprinting)
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Explain the following: (ii) Michaelis-Menten kinetic pattern of an enzymatic reaction (UPSC 2022, 8 Marks, )

निम्नलिखित की व्याख्या करें: (ii) एक एंजाइमेटिक प्रतिक्रिया का माइकेलिस-मेंटन गतिज पैटर्न (Explain the following: (ii) Michaelis-Menten kinetic pattern of an enzymatic reaction)
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What do you mean by a genetic clone? Describe a protocol of cloning of a recombinant DNA. (UPSC 2022, 10 Marks, )

आपका <b><i>"जेनेटिक क्लोन"</i></b> से क्या मतलब है? एक पुनः संयोजक डीएनए के क्लोनिंग की प्रक्रिया का वर्णन करें। (What do you mean by a genetic clone? Describe a protocol of cloning of a recombinant DNA.)
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Explain the use of minisatellite DNA in the process of DNA fingerprinting. (UPSC 2023, 15 Marks, )

डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग की प्रक्रिया में मिनीसैटेलाइट डीएनए के उपयोग को समझाएं। (Explain the use of minisatellite DNA in the process of DNA fingerprinting.)
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Intraspecific relations. (UPSC 1998, 15 Marks, )

प्रजाति के भीतर संबंध। (Intraspecific relations.)
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Enumerate the selection pressures that led to bipedal locomotion in hominids. (UPSC 2011, 15 Marks, )

उन चयन दबावों को सूचीबद्ध करें जिन्होंने होमिनिड्स में द्विपाद गतिशीलता को जन्म दिया। (Enumerate the selection pressures that led to bipedal locomotion in hominids.)
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Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it. (UPSC 2014, 20 Marks, )

हेकेल ने <b><i>"ऑन्टोजेनी पुनरावृत्ति करती है फिलोजेनी"</i></b> की अवधारणा (कानून) प्रस्तुत की। इसे नकारने या समर्थन करने वाले प्रमाण और उदाहरण दें। (Haeckel propounded the concept (law), "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.)
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Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

हेकेल ने <b><i>"ऑन्टोजेनी पुनरावृत्ति करती है फिलोजेनी"</i></b> की अवधारणा (कानून) प्रस्तुत की। इसे नकारने या समर्थन करने वाले प्रमाण और उदाहरण दें। (Haeckel propounded the concept (law), "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.)
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Fossil reptiles and their evolutionary significance. (UPSC 1999, 20 Marks, )

जीवाश्म सरीसृप और उनका विकासात्मक महत्व। (Fossil reptiles and their evolutionary significance.)
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Write an essay on the fossil records of amphibians to explain their origin and evolution. (UPSC 2000, 60 Marks, )

उभयचरों के जीवाश्म अभिलेखों पर एक निबंध लिखें ताकि उनके उत्पत्ति और विकास को समझाया जा सके। (Write an essay on the fossil records of amphibians to explain their origin and evolution.)
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Eohippus and Parahippus. (UPSC 2004, 20 Marks, )

ईओहिपस और पैराहिपस। (Eohippus and Parahippus.)
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Dating of fossils. (UPSC 2004, 15 Marks, )

जीवाश्मों की तिथि निर्धारण। (Dating of fossils.)
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Identify the five important evolutionary changes that led to the evolution of modern Homo sapiens from the ancestral stock during various Geological eras and epochs. (UPSC 2014, 15 Marks, )

विभिन्न भूवैज्ञानिक युगों और कालों के दौरान पूर्वजों से आधुनिक होमो सेपियन्स के विकास की ओर ले जाने वाले पाँच महत्वपूर्ण विकासात्मक परिवर्तनों की पहचान करें। (Identify the five important evolutionary changes that led to the evolution of modern Homo sapiens from the ancestral stock during various Geological eras and epochs.)
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What are fossils? Describe the process of fossil formation and give two methods of determining the age of fossils. (UPSC 2018, 10 Marks, )

फॉसिल्स क्या होते हैं? फॉसिल बनने की प्रक्रिया का वर्णन करें और फॉसिल्स की आयु निर्धारित करने के दो तरीके बताएं। (What are fossils? Describe the process of fossil formation and give two methods of determining the age of fossils.)
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Write an account of the methods of determination of the age of fossils. (UPSC 2020, 15 Marks, )

जीवाश्मों की आयु निर्धारण की विधियों का विवरण लिखें। (Write an account of the methods of determination of the age of fossils.)
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How are fossils formed? Describe the methods of dating of fossils. (UPSC 2022, 8 Marks, )

फॉसिल्स कैसे बनते हैं? फॉसिल्स की डेटिंग की विधियों का वर्णन करें। (How are fossils formed? Describe the methods of dating of fossils.)
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Affinities of Balanoglossus. (UPSC 2024, 8 Marks, )

बैलानोग्लॉसस की समानताएँ। (Affinities of Balanoglossus.)
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Describe the traditional methods of classification of animals. (UPSC 2018, 10 Marks, )

जानवरों के वर्गीकरण की पारंपरिक विधियों का वर्णन करें। (Describe the traditional methods of classification of animals.)
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Discuss the laws of thermodynamics and their applications in biological systems. (UPSC 2020, 15 Marks, )

थर्मोडायनामिक्स के नियमों और उनके जैविक प्रणालियों में अनुप्रयोगों पर चर्चा करें। (Discuss the laws of thermodynamics and their applications in biological systems.)
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Describe the use of molecular techniques in animal taxonomy. (UPSC 2021, 10 Marks, )

पशु वर्गीकरण में आणविक तकनीकों के उपयोग का वर्णन करें। (Describe the use of molecular techniques in animal taxonomy.)
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Describe different types of vectors. (UPSC 2018, 8 Marks, )

विभिन्न प्रकार के वेक्टरों का वर्णन करें। (Describe different types of vectors.)
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What is ICZN? Explain the principle, scope, and limitations in the presentday scenario of nomenclature. (UPSC 2015, 15 Marks, )

ICZN क्या है? नामकरण के वर्तमान परिदृश्य में सिद्धांत, दायरा और सीमाओं की व्याख्या करें। (What is ICZN? Explain the principle, scope, and limitations in the present-day scenario of nomenclature.)
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What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications. (UPSC 2014, 10 Marks, )

आई.वी.एफ. क्या है? आई.वी.एफ. के चरणों का एक प्रवाह चार्ट बनाएं। इसके अनुप्रयोगों पर एक नोट जोड़ें। (What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.)
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What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications. (UPSC 2014, 10 Marks, )

आई.वी.एफ. क्या है? आई.वी.एफ. के चरणों का एक प्रवाह चार्ट बनाएं। इसके अनुप्रयोगों पर एक नोट जोड़ें। (What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.)
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Species and Subspecies. (UPSC 2001, 20 Marks, )

प्रजातियाँ और उपप्रजातियाँ। (Species and Subspecies.)
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Genera and Species. (UPSC 2007, 20 Marks, )

वंश और प्रजातियाँ। (Genera and Species.)
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Binomial system of classification. (UPSC 2009, 20 Marks, )

वर्गीकरण की द्विपद प्रणाली (Binomial system of classification)
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Methods of zoological classification. (UPSC 2004, 15 Marks, )

प्राणिविज्ञान वर्गीकरण की विधियाँ। (Methods of zoological classification.)
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Chemotaxonomy and cytotaxonomy. (UPSC 2008, 20 Marks, )

रासायनिक वर्गिकी और कोशिकीय वर्गिकी। (Chemotaxonomy and cytotaxonomy.)
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Chemotaxonomy. (UPSC 2006, 15 Marks, )

रासायनिक वर्गिकी (Chemotaxonomy)
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Affinities and systematic position of Balanoglossus. (UPSC 2009, 20 Marks, )

बलैनोग्लोसस की समानताएँ और प्रणालीगत स्थिति। (Affinities and systematic position of Balanoglossus.)
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Write the systematic position of an oilseed pest. Give an account of its life cycle and the damage caused by this pest. Write a note on its control measures. (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

तेलहन कीट की व्यवस्थित स्थिति लिखें। इसके जीवन चक्र और इस कीट द्वारा किए गए नुकसान का विवरण दें। इसके नियंत्रण उपायों पर एक नोट लिखें। (Write the systematic position of an oilseed pest. Give an account of its life cycle and the damage caused by this pest. Write a note on its control measures.)
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Describe the mechanism of synthesis of protein and steroid hormones. How do they affect cellular activity. (UPSC 2013, 15 Marks, )

प्रोटीन और स्टेरॉयड हार्मोन के संश्लेषण की प्रक्रिया का वर्णन करें। वे कैसे कोशिकीय गतिविधि को प्रभावित करते हैं। (Describe the mechanism of synthesis of protein and steroid hormones. How do they affect cellular activity.)
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What are gap junction proteins? Discuss the roles of connexins in cellular interaction. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

गैप जंक्शन प्रोटीन क्या होते हैं? सेलुलर इंटरैक्शन में कनेक्जिन्स की भूमिकाओं पर चर्चा करें। (What are gap junction proteins? Discuss the roles of connexins in cellular interaction.)
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Peroxysome and Glyoxysome. (UPSC 2004, 20 Marks, )

पेरॉक्सीसोम और ग्लायॉक्सीसोम। (Peroxysome and Glyoxysome.)
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Neurohormones and Neurohumors. (UPSC 2000, 20 Marks, )

न्यूरोहॉर्मोन और न्यूरोह्यूमर। (Neurohormones and Neurohumors.)
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ACTH. (UPSC 2002, 20 Marks, )

एसीटीएच (ACTH)
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Draw welllabelled diagrams of transverse sections of mammalian testis and ovary. Describe the functions of male and female sex hormones (Testosterone and Estrogen). (UPSC 2007, 60 Marks, )

स्तनधारी अंडकोष और अंडाशय के अनुप्रस्थ खंडों के सुव्यवस्थित चित्र बनाएं। पुरुष और महिला यौन हार्मोन (टेस्टोस्टेरोन और एस्ट्रोजन) के कार्यों का वर्णन करें। (Draw well-labelled diagrams of transverse sections of mammalian testis and ovary. Describe the functions of male and female sex hormones (Testosterone and Estrogen).)
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Compare the functions of prostaglandins and histamine. Give reasons for their being considered as hormones. (UPSC 2011, 20 Marks, )

प्रोस्टाग्लैंडिन्स और हिस्टामिन के कार्यों की तुलना करें। उनके हार्मोन माने जाने के कारण बताएं। (Compare the functions of prostaglandins and histamine. Give reasons for their being considered as hormones.)
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Describe the functional anatomy of neuroendocrine interrelationship in mammalian hypophysis. Name hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones in the tabular form showing their functional relationship. With the help of the diagram only, explain feedback mechanism in the HPG axis. (UPSC 2013, 25 Marks, )

स्तनधारी हाइपोफिसिस में न्यूरोएंडोक्राइन अंतर्संबंध की कार्यात्मक शारीरिक रचना का वर्णन करें। उनके कार्यात्मक संबंध को दर्शाते हुए तालिका के रूप में हाइपोथैलेमिक और हाइपोफिसियल हार्मोनों के नाम लिखें। केवल चित्र की सहायता से HPG अक्ष में फीडबैक तंत्र को समझाएं। (Describe the functional anatomy of neuroendocrine interrelationship in mammalian hypophysis. Name hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones in the tabular form showing their functional relationship. With the help of the diagram only, explain feedback mechanism in the HPG axis.)
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Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other. (UPSC 2016, 10 Marks, )

एक अमीनो एसिड का संरचनात्मक सूत्र दें और दिखाएं कि पेप्टाइड बंध का निर्माण कैसे होता है। यह भी समझाएं कि अमीनो एसिड एक-दूसरे से कैसे भिन्न होते हैं। (Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.)
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Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other. (UPSC 2016, 10 Marks, )

एक अमीनो एसिड का संरचनात्मक सूत्र दें और दिखाएं कि पेप्टाइड बंध का निर्माण कैसे होता है। यह भी समझाएं कि अमीनो एसिड एक-दूसरे से कैसे भिन्न होते हैं। (Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.)
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Explain the neuroendocrine regulation of insect metamorphosis with suitable illustrations. Comment on the role of JH (Juvenile Hormone) in insect metamorphosis. (UPSC 2018, 15 Marks, )

कीट रूपांतरण के न्यूरोएंडोक्राइन विनियमन को उपयुक्त चित्रों के साथ समझाएं। कीट रूपांतरण में जेएच (जुवेनाइल हार्मोन) की भूमिका पर टिप्पणी करें। (Explain the neuroendocrine regulation of insect metamorphosis with suitable illustrations. Comment on the role of JH (Juvenile Hormone) in insect metamorphosis.)
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Define Apoptosis. Explain its mechanism with suitable example. (UPSC 2020, 15 Marks, )

अपोप्टोसिस को परिभाषित करें। इसके तंत्र को उपयुक्त उदाहरण के साथ समझाएँ। (Define Apoptosis. Explain its mechanism with suitable example.)
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Give an account of chemical nature and function of Neurohypophyseal hormones in mammals. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

स्तनधारियों में न्यूरोहाइपोफाइसीयल हार्मोनों की रासायनिक प्रकृति और कार्य का वर्णन करें। (Give an account of chemical nature and function of Neurohypophyseal hormones in mammals.)
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Illustrate the structure of a dipeptide and mention the characteristics of the peptide bond. (UPSC 2022, 8 Marks, )

डायपेप्टाइड की संरचना का चित्रण करें और पेप्टाइड बंध की विशेषताओं का उल्लेख करें। (Illustrate the structure of a dipeptide and mention the characteristics of the peptide bond.)
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What is thermoregulation? How do homeothermic animals sustain by maintaining their body temperature in harsh climatic condition? (UPSC 2024, 8 Marks, )

थर्मोरेगुलेशन क्या है? होमियोथर्मिक जानवर कठोर जलवायु परिस्थितियों में अपने शरीर के तापमान को बनाए रखकर कैसे जीवित रहते हैं? (What is thermoregulation? How do homeothermic animals sustain by maintaining their body temperature in harsh climatic condition?)
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With the help of a welllabelled diagram (ventral aspect), describe the heart of rabbit showing major blood vessels. Add a note on the mechanism of circulation through the heart. (UPSC 2011, 30 Marks, )

अच्छी तरह से लेबल किए गए चित्र (वेंट्रल दृष्टिकोण) की मदद से, खरगोश के हृदय का वर्णन करें जिसमें प्रमुख रक्त वाहिकाएं दिखाई गई हों। हृदय के माध्यम से परिसंचरण की प्रक्रिया पर एक टिप्पणी जोड़ें। (With the help of a well-labelled diagram (ventral aspect), describe the heart of rabbit showing major blood vessels. Add a note on the mechanism of circulation through the heart.)
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What controls heartbeat, and the rate at which blood flows through the circulatory system? (UPSC 2012, 20 Marks, )

क्या नियंत्रित करता है हृदय की धड़कन, और जिस दर से रक्त परिसंचरण तंत्र के माध्यम से बहता है? (What controls heartbeat, and the rate at which blood flows through the circulatory system?)
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How does the structure of antibody give its specificity of functions? Add a note on the causes of allergic reaction. (UPSC 2012, 15 Marks, )

एंटीबॉडी की संरचना इसे कार्यों की विशिष्टता कैसे देती है? एलर्जी प्रतिक्रिया के कारणों पर एक नोट जोड़ें। (How does the structure of antibody give its specificity of functions? Add a note on the causes of allergic reaction.)
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Mention the different steps in the metabolism of iron. What are the functions that require iron? Add a note on the regulatory mechanism that ensure stable titers of iron in the body. (UPSC 2013, 10 Marks, )

लोहे के चयापचय के विभिन्न चरणों का उल्लेख करें। वे कौन से कार्य हैं जिनके लिए लोहे की आवश्यकता होती है? शरीर में लोहे के स्थिर स्तर को सुनिश्चित करने वाले नियामक तंत्र पर एक टिप्पणी जोड़ें। (Mention the different steps in the metabolism of iron. What are the functions that require iron? Add a note on the regulatory mechanism that ensure stable titers of iron in the body.)
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Explain ABO blood groups with its genetic basis and significance in blood transfusion. (UPSC 2016, 10 Marks, )

एबीओ रक्त समूहों को उनके आनुवंशिक आधार और रक्त आधान में महत्व के साथ समझाएं। (Explain ABO blood groups with its genetic basis and significance in blood transfusion.)
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Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals. (UPSC 2016, 14 Marks, )

एंडोथर्मिक जानवरों में होमियोस्टेसिस के साथ इसके संबंध के संदर्भ में तापमान नियंत्रण के महत्व को स्पष्ट करें। (Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.)
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Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals. (UPSC 2016, 20 Marks, )

एंडोथर्मिक जानवरों में होमियोस्टेसिस के साथ इसके संबंध के संदर्भ में तापमान विनियमन के महत्व को स्पष्ट करें। (Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.)
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Give a comprehensive account of gaseous transport in blood. (UPSC 2017, 20 Marks, )

रक्त में गैसीय परिवहन का व्यापक विवरण दें। (Give a comprehensive account of gaseous transport in blood.)
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Genetic basis of ABO blood group system. (UPSC 2017, 8 Marks, )

एबीओ रक्त समूह प्रणाली का आनुवंशिक आधार। (Genetic basis of ABO blood group system.)
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Describe the role of Calcitonin, Parathormone and Vitamin D3, in calcium metabolism. (UPSC 2018, 20 Marks, )

कैल्शियम चयापचय में कैल्सिटोनिन, पैराथॉर्मोन और विटामिन D3 की भूमिका का वर्णन करें। (Describe the role of Calcitonin, Parathormone and Vitamin D3, in calcium metabolism.)
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Explain the extrinsic pathway for initiation of blood clotting. (UPSC 2018, 8 Marks, )

रक्त जमावट की शुरुआत के लिए बाह्य मार्ग की व्याख्या करें। (Explain the extrinsic pathway for initiation of blood clotting.)
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Describe the genetics of ABO human blood groups. Can a man of blood group B be the father of the child of a woman of blood group A? The blood group of the child is O. Explain the genotypes. (UPSC 2019, 8 Marks, )

ABO मानव रक्त समूहों की आनुवंशिकी का वर्णन करें। क्या रक्त समूह B का व्यक्ति रक्त समूह A की महिला के बच्चे का पिता हो सकता है? बच्चे का रक्त समूह O है। जीनोटाइप्स की व्याख्या करें। (Describe the genetics of ABO human blood groups. Can a man of blood group B be the father of the child of a woman of blood group A? The blood group of the child is O. Explain the genotypes.)
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Give a diagrammatic representation of citric acid cycle and discuss its role in metabolism. (UPSC 2020, 15 Marks, )

"साइट्रिक एसिड चक्र का आरेखात्मक प्रतिनिधित्व दें और चयापचय में इसकी भूमिका पर चर्चा करें।" (Give a diagrammatic representation of citric acid cycle and discuss its role in metabolism.)
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Define thermoregulation. How do homeotherms regulate body temperature in hot and cold climates? (UPSC 2022, 15 Marks, )

थर्मोरेगुलेशन को परिभाषित करें। होमियोथर्म्स गर्म और ठंडे जलवायु में शरीर के तापमान को कैसे नियंत्रित करते हैं? (Define thermoregulation. How do homeotherms regulate body temperature in hot and cold climates?)
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(i) Explain ATP utilizing reactions of glycolytic pathway. (UPSC 2022, 5 Marks, )

(i) ग्लाइकोलिटिक पथ के एटीपी उपयोग करने वाले अभिक्रियाओं की व्याख्या करें। (Explain ATP utilizing reactions of glycolytic pathway.)
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(ii) Write NADH and FADH, producing reactions of Krebs cycle. (UPSC 2022, 10 Marks, )

(ii) क्रेब्स चक्र की NADH और FADH उत्पन्न करने वाली अभिक्रियाएँ लिखें। (Write NADH and FADH, producing reactions of Krebs cycle.)
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ABO system of blood groups and its basis, and erythroblastosis foetalis. (UPSC 2024, 10 Marks, )

एबीओ रक्त समूह प्रणाली और इसका आधार, और एरिथ्रोब्लास्टोसिस फीटालिस। (ABO system of blood groups and its basis, and erythroblastosis foetalis.)
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Chloride shift (UPSC 2004, 20 Marks, )

क्लोराइड शिफ्ट (Chloride shift)
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What are erythroid cells? Explain the RBC lineage in balancing haemoglobin manufacture. (UPSC 2013, 15 Marks, )

एरिथ्रोइड कोशिकाएं क्या हैं? हीमोग्लोबिन निर्माण को संतुलित करने में आरबीसी वंशावली की व्याख्या करें। (What are erythroid cells? Explain the RBC lineage in balancing haemoglobin manufacture.)
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Draw a welllabelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion. (UPSC 2011, 15 Marks, )

ब्रांचियोस्टोमा की आंत के माध्यम से पोषण धारा का एक सुव्यवस्थित आरेख बनाएं, और पोषण और पाचन की प्रक्रिया पर टिप्पणी करें। (Draw a well-labelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion.)
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Introduction
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Henley's loop. (UPSC 2002, 20 Marks, )

हेनली का लूप। (Henley's loop)
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On your answerbook, write down the name of each of the ganglia marked (i) to (vii) in the diagram below on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic sympathetic Nervous system; Nervous System. How do they regulate the visceral and reflex functions of the body? (UPSC 2012, 15 Marks, )

आपकी उत्तरपुस्तिका पर, नीचे दिए गए आरेख में स्वायत्त तंत्रिका तंत्र के पैरासिम्पेथेटिक और सिम्पेथेटिक विभाजनों पर चिह्नित (i) से (vii) तक प्रत्येक गैंग्लिया का नाम लिखें: <br/>&nbsp;पैरासिम्पेथेटिक सिम्पेथेटिक<br/>&nbsp;तंत्रिका तंत्र; तंत्रिका तंत्र।<br/><br/>&nbsp;वे शरीर के आंतरिक और रिफ्लेक्स कार्यों को कैसे नियंत्रित करते हैं? (How do they regulate the visceral and reflex functions of the body?)
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Discuss the mechanism involved in the survival of estuarine animals in varying salinities. (UPSC 2016, 10 Marks, )

एस्टुअरीन जानवरों के विभिन्न लवणता में जीवित रहने की प्रक्रिया पर चर्चा करें। (Discuss the mechanism involved in the survival of estuarine animals in varying salinities.)
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Explain the role of ADH and juxtaglomerular complex in the regulation of kidney function. (UPSC 2019, 8 Marks, )

किडनी के कार्य के नियमन में ADH और जक्स्टाग्लोमेरुलर कॉम्प्लेक्स की भूमिका को समझाएं। (Explain the role of ADH and juxtaglomerular complex in the regulation of kidney function.)
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Illustrate the countercurrent mechanism by vasa recta and mention its physiological importance. (UPSC 2022, 10 Marks, )

वासा रेक्टा द्वारा प्रतिवाही तंत्र को चित्रित करें और इसके शारीरिक महत्व का उल्लेख करें। (Illustrate the countercurrent mechanism by vasa recta and mention its physiological importance.)
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Explain the counter current mechanism operating at vasa recta and its role in urine formation. (UPSC 2023, 10 Marks, )

वासा रेक्टा में संचालित प्रतिधारा तंत्र को समझाएं और मूत्र निर्माण में इसकी भूमिका। (Explain the counter current mechanism operating at vasa recta and its role in urine formation.)
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With suitable examples, compare the chemical structure and functions of acetylcholine (in adrenergic neuron) and serotonin / 5hydroxytryptamine / γamino butyric acid (in peptidergic neurons). (UPSC 2012, 20 Marks, )

उदाहरणों के साथ, एसिटाइलकोलाइन (एड्रेनर्जिक न्यूरॉन में) और सेरोटोनिन / 5हाइड्रॉक्सिट्रिप्टामाइन / γएमिनो ब्यूटिरिक एसिड (पेपटाइडर्जिक न्यूरॉन्स में) की रासायनिक संरचना और कार्यों की तुलना करें। (With suitable examples, compare the chemical structure and functions of acetylcholine (in adrenergic neuron) and serotonin / 5hydroxytryptamine / γamino butyric acid (in peptidergic neurons).)
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What do you understand by osmoregulation? Describe the phenomenon and physiology of urine formation. (UPSC 2006, 60 Marks, )

आप ऑस्मोरेगुलेशन से क्या समझते हैं? मूत्र निर्माण की प्रक्रिया और शरीरक्रिया विज्ञान का वर्णन करें। (What do you understand by osmoregulation? Describe the phenomenon and physiology of urine formation.)
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What is hypothalamopituitary axis? Draw a welllabelled diagram of pituitary gland and describe the functions of its hormones. (UPSC 2021, 20 Marks, )

हाइपोथैलेमो-पिट्यूटरी अक्ष क्या है? पिट्यूटरी ग्रंथि का एक अच्छी तरह से लेबल किया हुआ चित्र बनाएं और इसके हार्मोनों के कार्यों का वर्णन करें। (What is hypothalamopituitary axis? Draw a well-labelled diagram of pituitary gland and describe the functions of its hormones.)
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Capacitation and Acrosome reaction. (UPSC 1999, 15 Marks, )

क्षमता और एक्रोसोम प्रतिक्रिया। (Capacitation and Acrosome reaction.)
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Organogenesis in the frog embryo. (UPSC 2004, 20 Marks, )

मेंढक भ्रूण में अंगजनन। (Organogenesis in the frog embryo.)
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Comparison of alimentary canal of frog and rabbit. (UPSC 2007, 20 Marks, )

मेंढक और खरगोश की आहार नली की तुलना। (Comparison of alimentary canal of frog and rabbit.)
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Draw well labelled diagrams only of male urinogenital system of Labeo and frog. (UPSC 2010, 20 Marks, )

लाबेओ और मेंढक की नर मूत्रजनन तंत्र की केवल अच्छी तरह से लेबल की गई आरेख बनाएं। (Draw well labelled diagrams only of male urinogenital system of Labeo and frog.)
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Describe the role of neuroendocrine factors and Sertoli cell secretions on spermatogenic functions of human seminiferous tubules. (UPSC 2013, 20 Marks, )

मानव वृषण नलिकाओं के शुक्रजनन कार्यों पर न्यूरोएंडोक्राइन कारकों और सेर्टोली कोशिका स्रावों की भूमिका का वर्णन करें। (Describe the role of neuroendocrine factors and Sertoli cell secretions on spermatogenic functions of human seminiferous tubules.)
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Describe hyoid apparatus in Frog or Necturus. (UPSC 2013, 10 Marks, )

मेंढक या नेक्ट्यूरस में हायॉइड उपकरण का वर्णन करें। (Describe hyoid apparatus in Frog or Necturus.)
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What are the stages of the development of animals? How is it done? (UPSC 2015, 15 Marks, )

जानवरों के विकास के चरण क्या हैं? यह कैसे किया जाता है? (What are the stages of the development of animals? How is it done?)
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Explain in detail about the events involved in the transformation of spermatid into sperm. Comment on why you consider these changes as essential. (UPSC 2018, 15 Marks, )

स्पर्मेटिड के शुक्राणु में परिवर्तन की घटनाओं के बारे में विस्तार से समझाएं। टिप्पणी करें कि आप इन परिवर्तनों को आवश्यक क्यों मानते हैं। (Explain in detail about the events involved in the transformation of spermatid into sperm. Comment on why you consider these changes as essential.)
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Describe the process of metamorphosis in frogs and explain the role of thyroxin. (UPSC 2018, 10 Marks, )

मेंढकों में कायांतरण की प्रक्रिया का वर्णन करें और थायरॉक्सिन की भूमिका को समझाएँ। (Describe the process of metamorphosis in frogs and explain the role of thyroxin.)
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Illustrate the process of development during gastrulation in a chick embryo. (UPSC 2019, 15 Marks, )

चूजे के भ्रूण में गैस्ट्रुलेशन के दौरान विकास की प्रक्रिया को चित्रित करें। (Illustrate the process of development during gastrulation in a chick embryo.)
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Describe with welllabelled diagram, the stages involved in Meiotic prophase. (UPSC 2020, 15 Marks, )

सुस्पष्ट लेबल वाले चित्र के साथ वर्णन करें, मीओटिक प्रोफेज में शामिल चरण। (Describe with well-labelled diagram, the stages involved in Meiotic prophase.)
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What is primordial germ cell? With the help of suitable diagram, discuss the process of oogenesis. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

मूल युग्मक कोशिका क्या है? उपयुक्त चित्र की सहायता से, ओओजेनिसिस की प्रक्रिया पर चर्चा करें। (What is primordial germ cell? With the help of suitable diagram, discuss the process of oogenesis.)
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Competence in embryology. (UPSC 1999, 15 Marks, )

भ्रूणविज्ञान में दक्षता। (Competence in embryology.)
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Regeneration and Neoplasia. (UPSC 2001, 60 Marks, )

पुनर्जनन और नवोपलि (Regeneration and Neoplasia)
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Regeneration. (UPSC 2004, 20 Marks, )

पुनर्जनन (Regeneration)
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Regeneration. (UPSC 2007, 20 Marks, )

पुनर्जनन (Regeneration)
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What is embryonic induction? Describe the mechanism of induction giving examples. (UPSC 2018, 15 Marks, )

एम्ब्रायोनिक इंडक्शन क्या है? इंडक्शन की प्रक्रिया का उदाहरण देते हुए वर्णन करें। (What is embryonic induction? Describe the mechanism of induction giving examples.)
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Describe the mechanism of embryonic induction giving examples. (UPSC 2021, 15 Marks, )

भ्रूण प्रेरण की प्रक्रिया का वर्णन उदाहरण देकर करें। (Describe the mechanism of embryonic induction giving examples.)
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Give a schematic representation of differentiation of sexual phenotypes during early embryonic development in mammals. (UPSC 2020, 10 Marks, )

स्तनधारियों में प्रारंभिक भ्रूण विकास के दौरान यौन रूपों के विभेदन का योजनाबद्ध प्रतिनिधित्व दें। (Give a schematic representation of differentiation of sexual phenotypes during early embryonic development in mammals.)
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Explain the functions of mammalian integument. (UPSC 2024, 10 Marks, )

स्तनधारी त्वचा के कार्यों की व्याख्या करें। (Explain the functions of mammalian integument.)
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Role of mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases. (UPSC 2024, 8 Marks, )

मानव रोगों के वाहक के रूप में मच्छरों की भूमिका। (Role of mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases.)
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Give an account of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and briefly discuss their pathogenicity. (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

गायों के जठरांत्र संबंधी नेमाटोड्स का विवरण दें और उनकी रोगजनकता पर संक्षेप में चर्चा करें। (Give an account of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and briefly discuss their pathogenicity.)
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Explain various measures implemented by the government to manage vehicular pollution in India. (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

भारत में वाहन प्रदूषण को प्रबंधित करने के लिए सरकार द्वारा लागू किए गए विभिन्न उपायों की व्याख्या करें। (Explain various measures implemented by the government to manage vehicular pollution in India.)
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List various population characteristics. Explain Jshaped and Sshaped growth forms with suitable examples. (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

विभिन्न जनसंख्या विशेषताओं की सूची बनाएं। उपयुक्त उदाहरणों के साथ जे-आकार और एस-आकार वृद्धि रूपों की व्याख्या करें। (List various population characteristics. Explain J-shaped and S-shaped growth forms with suitable examples.)
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Differentiate between inner and outer mitochondrial membrane. (UPSC 2024, 8 Marks, )

आंतरिक और बाह्य माइटोकॉन्ड्रियल झिल्ली के बीच अंतर करें। (Differentiate between inner and outer mitochondrial membrane.)
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Explain different steps in the activation of receptor protein tyrosine kinase with diagrams. (UPSC 2024, 8 Marks, )

रिसेप्टर प्रोटीन टायरोसिन किनेज के सक्रियण के विभिन्न चरणों को आरेखों के साथ समझाएं। (Explain different steps in the activation of receptor protein tyrosine kinase with diagrams.)
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Give a brief account of evolution of man in Pleistocene period. (UPSC 2024, 8 Marks, )

प्लीस्टोसीन काल में मानव के विकास का संक्षिप्त विवरण दें। (Give a brief account of evolution of man in Pleistocene period.)
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How does glucagon regulate the glycogen metabolism? (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

ग्लूकागन ग्लाइकोजन चयापचय को कैसे नियंत्रित करता है? (How does glucagon regulate the glycogen metabolism?)
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Using R groups properties, classify amino acids. (UPSC 2024, 10 Marks, )

आर समूहों के गुणों का उपयोग करके, अमीनो एसिड को वर्गीकृत करें। (Using R groups properties, classify amino acids.)
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Describe the structure and functions of antibody isotypes with diagrams. (UPSC 2024, 15 Marks, )

एंटीबॉडी आइसोटाइप्स की संरचना और कार्यों का वर्णन करें चित्रों के साथ। (Describe the structure and functions of antibody isotypes with diagrams.)
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What is regeneration? Describe regenerative ability in hydra, planaria and urodele amphibians. (UPSC 2024, 10 Marks, )

पुनर्जनन क्या है? हाइड्रा, प्लैनारिया और यूरोडेल उभयचरों में पुनर्जनन क्षमता का वर्णन करें। (What is regeneration? Describe regenerative ability in hydra, planaria and urodele amphibians.)
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